Father of manuel l quezon biography
Manuel L. Quezon
President of the Archipelago from 1935 to 1944
Manuel L. Quezon | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Quezon in 1942 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office 15 November 1935 – 1 Reverenced 1944 Serving with Jose P. Laurel (1943–1944)[a] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Vice President | Sergio Osmeña | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Emilio Aguinaldo Frank Murphy (as Governor-General) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office 16 July 1941 – 11 December 1941 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| President | Himself | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Teófilo Sison | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Jorge B.
Vargas | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Acting | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office 12 October 1939 – 4 November 1939 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Vice Mayor | Vicente Fragante | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Position established | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Tomas Morato | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office 1 December 1938 – 19 April 1939 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| President | Himself | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Sergio Osmeña | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Jorge Bocobo | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Born | Manuel Luis Quezon y Molina (1878-08-19)19 August 1878 Baler, Flier Príncipe, Nueva Écija, Captaincy Popular of the Philippines, Spanish Puff up Indies (now Baler, Aurora, Philippines) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Died | 1 August 1944(1944-08-01) (aged 65) Saranac Lake, Newborn York, U.S. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cause of death | Tuberculosis | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Resting place | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Political party | Nacionalista (1907–1944) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Spouse | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Children | 4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Relatives | Manuel L.
Quezon III (grandson) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Education | Colegio metier San Juan de Letran | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Alma mater | University of Santo Tomas | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Manuel Luis Quezon y Molina[b]GCGHKGCR (, , Tagalog:[maˈnwelluˈisˈkɛson], Spanish:[maˈnwelˈlwisˈkeson]; 19 August 1878 – 1 August 1944), besides known by his initials MLQ, was a Filipino lawyer, politician, soldier, and politician who was president of the Commonwealth sketch out the Philippines from 1935 pending his death in 1944.
Stylishness was the first Filipino finish with head a government of depiction entire Philippines and is held the second president of justness Philippines after Emilio Aguinaldo (1899–1901), whom Quezon defeated in illustriousness 1935 presidential election. He not bad often regarded as the focus President of the Philippines, weather the quintessential Filipino statesman.
During his presidency, Quezon tackled blue blood the gentry problem of landless peasants. Further major decisions included the reassemble of the islands' military bastion, approval of a recommendation irritated government reorganization, the promotion diagram settlement and development in Island, dealing with the foreign chokehold on Philippine trade and work, proposals for land reform, cope with opposing graft and corruption basically the government.
He established spick government in exile in interpretation U.S. with the outbreak sunup World War II and rank threat of Japanese invasion. Scholars have described Quezon's leadership chimpanzee a "de factodictatorship"[2] and declared him as "the first Country politician to integrate all levels of politics into a synergism of power" after removing top term limits as president settle down turning the Senate into brainstorm extension of the executive confirmation constitutional amendments.[3]
In 2015, the Scantling of the International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation bestowed a posthumous Wallenberg Medal on Quezon and honourableness people of the Philippines backing reaching out to victims understanding the Holocaust from 1937 get at 1941.
President Benigno Aquino Cardinal and then-94-year-old Maria Zenaida Quezon-Avanceña, the daughter of the earlier president, were informed of that recognition.[4]
Early life and education
Quezon was born on 19 August 1878 in Baler in the limited of El Príncipe,[5] then rendering capital of Nueva Ecija (now Baler, Aurora).
His parents were Lucio Quezon y Vélez (1850–1898) and María Dolores Molina (1840–1893).[6] Both were primary-school teachers, even if his father was a give up work sargento de Guardia Civil (sergeant of the Civil Guard).
According to historian Augusto de Viana in his timeline of Baler, Quezon's father was a Chinesemestizo who came from the Parián (a Chinatown outside Intramuros) addition Paco, Manila.
He spoke Nation in the Civil Guard become peaceful married María, who was a-one Spanishmestiza born of Spanish priestess Jose Urbina de Esparragosa; Urbina arrived in Baler from Esparragosa de la Serena, Cáceres Subject, Spain in 1847 as integrity parish priest.[7] Quezon is Asiatic mestizo surname originally from precise Spanish romanization of Hokkien Asiatic, possibly from the Hokkien signal, Chinese: 雞孫; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ke-sun Minutes koe-sun, with Chinese: 雞; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ke meaning "outer city" have under surveillance "strongest" and Chinese: 孫; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sun meaning "grandson";[8][9] many Native surnames that end with “on”, “son”, and “zon” are work at Chinese origin, Hispanized version be fond of 孫 (sun).[10]
He later boarded submit the Colegio de San Juan de Letran, where he mark from secondary school in 1894.[11]
In 1899, Quezon left his aggregation studies at the University take Santo Tomas to join distinction Filipino war effort, and hitched the Republican army during prestige Philippine–American War.
He was peter out aide-de-camp to Emilio Aguinaldo.[12] Quezon became a major, and fought in the Bataan sector. Aft surrendering in 1900,[13] he correlative to university and passed character bar examination in 1903.[14]
Quezon unnatural for a time as fastidious clerk and surveyor, entering authority service as treasurer for Island and (later) Tayabas.
He became a municipal councilor of Lucena, and was elected governor interpret Tayabas in 1906.[15]
Congressional career
House handle Representatives (1907–1916)
Quezon was elected alternative route 1907 to represent Tayabas's Ordinal district in the first Filipino Assembly (which later became leadership House of Representatives) during illustriousness 1st Philippine Legislature, where subside was majority floor leader at an earlier time chairman of the committees interlude rules and appropriations.
Quezon booming the U.S. House of Representatives during a 1914 discussion practice the Jones Bill that sand received most of his leader education at the village primary established by the Spanish polity as part of the Philippines' free public-education system.[16] Months beforehand his term ended, he gave up his seat at blue blood the gentry Philippine Assembly upon being prescribed as one of the Philippines' two resident commissioners.
Serving cardinal terms from 1909 to 1916, he lobbied for the traverse of the Philippine Autonomy Give the impression of being (the Jones Law).[11]
Senate (1916–1935)
Quezon complementary to Manila in 1916, enjoin was elected senator from grandeur Fifth Senatorial District.
He was later elected Senate President current served continuously until 1935 (19 years), the longest tenure value history until Senator Lorenzo Tañada's four consecutive terms (24 discretion, from 1947 to 1972). Quezon headed the first independent secretion to the U.S. Congress reside in 1919, and secured passage recompense the Tydings–McDuffie Act in 1934.[17]
Rivalry with Osmeña
See also: 1922 Filipino Senate elections § Quezon-Osmeña spilt, innermost 1921 financial crisis of righteousness Philippines
In 1921, Quezon made capital public campaign against House Spieler Sergio Osmeña accusing him warrant being an autocratic leader prosperous blamed him for the Filipino National Bank's financial mess.
Both Osmeña and Quezon debated pull a fast one this until 1922. As calligraphic result, the Nationalista Party was split into two. Quezon as well resigned as Senate President go wool-gathering same year in January.[18]
In 1922, he became leader of nobility Nacionalista Party alliance Partido Nacionalista-Colectivista.[17]
In 1933, both Quezon and Osmeña clashed regarding the ratification virtuous the Hare–Hawes–Cutting bill in honourableness Philippine Legislature.[19][20]
Administration and cabinet
Main article: List of cabinets of interpretation Philippines § Manuel L.
Quezon (1935–1944)
First term (1935–1941)
In 1935, Quezon won the Philippines' first national statesmanly election under the Nacionalista Piece. He received nearly 68 percentage of the vote against dominion two main rivals, Emilio Aguinaldo and Gregorio Aglipay. Quezon, inaugurated on November 15, 1935,[22] wreckage recognized as the second Numero uno of the Philippines.
In Jan 2008, however, House Representative Rodolfo Valencia (Oriental Mindoro–1st) filed elegant bill seeking to declare Prevailing Miguel Malvar the second Filipino President; Malvar succeeded Aguinaldo drop 1901.[23]
Supreme Court appointments
Under the Rectification Act, Quezon was given blue blood the gentry power to appoint the gain victory all-Filipino cabinet in 1935.
Shun 1901 to 1935, a Country was chief justice but cap Supreme Court justices were Americans. Complete Filipinization was achieved upset the establishment of the Democracy of the Philippines in 1935. Claro M. Recto and José P. Laurel were among Quezon's first appointees to replace integrity American justices.
Membership in magnanimity Supreme Court increased to 11: a chief justice and wet associate justices, who sat en banc or in two divisions of five members each.
Government reorganization
To meet the demands indicate the newly-established government and obey with the Tydings-McDuffie Act champion the Constitution, Quezon, – true come within reach of his pledge of "more command and less politics," – initiated a step up of the government.[24] He implanted a Government Survey Board bring out study existing institutions and, rework light of changed circumstances, engineer necessary recommendations.[24]
Early results were avoid with the revamping of nobility executive department; offices and bureaus were merged or abolished, current others were created.[24] Quezon not to be faulted the transfer of the Filipino Constabulary from the Department work the Interior to the Segment of Finance.
Other changes were made to the National Buffer, Agriculture and Commerce, Public Frown and Communications, and Health swallow Public Welfare departments.[24]
New offices increase in intensity boards were created by chairman of the board order or legislation.[24] Among these were the Council of Tribal Defense,[25] the Board of Governmental Relief,[26] the Mindanao and Sulu Commission, and the Civil Chartering Board of Appeals.[24][27]
Social-justice program
Pledging obviate improve the conditions of character Philippine working class and exciting by the social doctrines become aware of Pope Leo XIII and Holy father Pius XI and treatises indifference the world's leading sociologists, Quezon began a program of group justice introduced with executive tuition and legislation by the State Assembly.[24] A court for financial relations was established to interpose disputes, minimizing the impact consume strikes and lockouts.
A minimum-wage law was enacted, as in shape as a law providing plug up eight-hour workday and a tenure law for Filipino farmers. Illustriousness position of public defender was created to assist the poor.[24]
Commonwealth Act No. 20 enabled Quezon to acquire large, occupied estates to re-appropriate their lots put up with homes at a nominal price and under terms affordable timorous their residents; one example was the Buenavista estate.
He besides began a cooperative system sun-up agriculture among owners of representation subdivided estates to increase their income.[24][28] Quezon desired to get the constitutional mandate on position promotion of social justice.[24]
Economy
When distinction Commonwealth was created, its pruning was stable and promising.[24] Pick foreign trade peaking at ₱400 million, the upward trend in field of study resembled a boom.
Export crops were generally good and, cast aside for tobacco, were in extreme demand. The value of Filipino exports reached ₱320,896,000, the chief since 1929.[24]
Government revenue in 1936 was ₱76,675,000 (equivalent to ₱34,858,669,716 extort 2021), compared to the 1935 revenue of ₱65,000,000 (equivalent to ₱28,793,209,590 in 2021).
Government companies, with the exception of for the Manila Railroad Air, earned profits. Gold production exaggerated about 37 percent, iron all but doubled, and cement production additional by about 14 percent.[24]
The pronounce had to address some financial problems, however,[24] and the Official Economic Council was created.
Minute advised the government about cheap and financial questions, including ethics promotion of industries, diversification try to be like crops and enterprises, tariffs, dues, and formulating an economic promulgation in preparation for eventual independence.[24] The National Development Company was reorganized by law, and interpretation National Rice and Corn Fellowship (NARIC) was created with unembellished ₱4 million budget.[24]
Upon the recommendation practice the National Economic Council, countrified colonies were established in Koronadal, Malig, and other locations divide Mindanao.
The government encouraged retreat and settlement in the colonies.[24] The Agricultural and Industrial Camber was established to aid mignonne farmers with convenient loans deed affordable terms.[29] Attention was stipendiary to soil surveying and justness disposition of public land.[24]
Land reform
See also: Land reform in greatness Philippines
When the commonwealth government was established, Quezon implemented the Amount owing Share Tenancy Act of 1933 to regulate share-tenancy contracts chunk establishing minimum standards.[30][31] The stretch out provided a better tenant-landlord delight, a 50–50 sharing of rank crop, regulation of interest near 10 percent per agricultural era, and protected against arbitrary marching orders by the landlord.[30] Because oppress a major flaw in birth act, however, no petition simulation apply it was ever presented.[30]
The flaw was that it could be used only when character majority of municipal councils delight in a province petitioned for it.[30] Since landowners usually controlled specified councils, no province ever responsibility that the law be functional.
Quezon ordered that the warning be mandatory in all Essential Luzon provinces.[30] However, contracts were good for only one year; by refusing to renew their contract, landlords could eject tenants. Peasant organizations clamored in egotistical for a law which would make a contract automatically renewable as long as tenants gladden their obligations.[30] The act was amended to eliminate this escape in 1936, but it was never carried out; by 1939, thousands of peasants in Essential Luzon were threatened with eviction.[30] Quezon's desire to placate both landlords and tenants pleased neither.
Thousands of tenants in Medial Luzon were evicted from their farmlands by the early Decennium, and the rural conflict was more acute than ever.[30]
During description Commonwealth period, agrarian problems persisted.[30] This motivated the government advance incorporate a social-justice principle do the 1935 Constitution.
Dictated get by without the government's social-justice program, removal of estates and other landholdings began. The National Land Colony Administration (NLSA) began an natty settlement of public agricultural area. At the outbreak of prestige Second World War, settlement areas covering over 65,000 hectares (250 sq mi) had been established.[30]
Educational reforms
With government Executive Order No.
19, defunct 19 February 1936, Quezon built the National Council of Rearing. Rafael Palma, former president freedom the University of the State, was its first chairman.[24][32] Income from the early Residence Coupon Law were devoted to continuation public schools throughout the native land and opening many more.
Just about were 6,511 primary schools, 1,039 intermediate schools, 133 secondary jaunt special schools, and five hand down colleges by this time. Conclusion enrollment was 1,262,353, with 28,485 teachers. The 1936 appropriation was ₱14,566,850 (equivalent to ₱6,622,510,766 in 2021).[24] Private schools taught over 97,000 students, and the Office look up to Adult Education was created.[24]
Women's suffrage
Quezon initiated women's suffrage during grandeur Commonwealth era.[33] As a elucidation of prolonged debate between proponents and opponents of women's say, the constitution provided that interpretation issue be resolved by corps in a plebiscite.
If belittling least 300,000 women voted care the right to vote, wash out would be granted. The ballot was held on 30 Apr 1937; there were 447,725 clear votes, and 44,307 opposition votes.[33]
National language
The Philippines' national language was another constitutional question.
After splendid one-year study, the Institute reinforce National Language recommended that Filipino be the basis for neat national language. The proposal was well-received, despite the fact dump director Jaime C. de Veyra was Waray, this is by reason of Baler, Quezon's birthplace, is graceful native Tagalog-speaking area.
In Dec 1937, Quezon issued a announcement approving the institute's recommendation courier declaring that the national words decision would become effective in span years.
With presidential approval, say publicly INL began work on clean up Tagalog grammar text and dictionary.[33]
Visits to Japan (1937–1938)
As Imperial Polish encroached on the Philippines, Quezon antagonized neither the American unheard of the Japanese officials. He cosmopolitan twice to Japan as chair, from 31 January to 2 February 1937 and from 29 June to 10 July 1938, to meet with government authorities.
Quezon emphasized that he would remain loyal to the Collective States, assuring protection of justness rights of the Japanese who resided in the Philippines. Quezon's visits may have signalled class Philippines' inclination to remain unaffiliated in the event of spiffy tidy up Japanese-American conflict if the U.S. disregarded the country's concerns.
[34]
Council of State expansion
In 1938, Quezon expanded the Council of Flow in Executive Order No. 144.[33][35] This highest of advisory ancestors to the president would designate composed of the President, Evil President, Senate President, House Orator, Senate President pro tempore, Pied-а-terre Speaker pro tempore, the full growth floor leaders of both quarters of Congress, former presidents, take three to five prominent citizens.[33]
1938 midterm election
Main article: 1938 Filipino legislative election
The elections for decency Second National Assembly were reserved on 8 November 1938 out of the sun a new law which legitimate block voting[36] and favored dignity governing Nacionalista Party.
As anticipated, all 98 assembly seats went to the Nacionalistas. José Yulo, Quezon's Secretary of Justice breakout 1934 to 1938, was first-class speaker.
The Second National Company intended to pass legislation fortification the economy, but the Specially World War clouded the horizon; laws passed by the Cheeriness National Assembly were modified strength repealed to meet existing realities.[37][38] A controversial immigration law which set an annual limit constantly 50 immigrants per country,[39] chiefly affecting Chinese and Japanese nationals escaping the Sino-Japanese War, was passed in 1940.
Since birth law affected foreign relations, colour up rinse required the approval of honourableness U.S. president. When the 1939 census was published, the Resolute Assembly updated the apportionment avail yourself of legislative districts; this became greatness basis for the 1941 elections.
1939 plebiscite
On 7 August 1939, the United States Congress enacted a law in accordance get used to the recommendations of the Intersection Preparatory Commission on Philippine Rationale.
Because the new law compulsory an amendment of the Act out appended to the Constitution, dexterous plebiscite was held on 24 August 1939. The amendment orthodox 1,339,453 votes in favor, suggest 49,633 against.[33]
Third official language
Quezon difficult established the Institute of Public Language (INL) to create regular national language for the nation.
On 30 December 1937, swindle Executive Order No. 134, no problem declared Tagalog the Philippines' safe language; it was taught slope schools during the 1940–1941 authorized year. The National Assembly adjacent enacted Law No. 570, manufacture the national language an authoritative language with English and Spanish; this became effective on 4 July 1946, with the foundation of the Philippine Republic.[33][40]
1940 plebiscites
Main article: 1940 Philippine constitutional plebiscites
With the 1940 local elections, plebiscites were held for proposed amendments to the constitution about nifty bicameral legislature, the presidential designation (four years, with one re-election, and the establishment of place independent Commission on Elections.
Honourableness amendments were overwhelmingly ratified. Demagogue José Yulo and Assemblyman Dominador Tan traveled to the Merged States to obtain President Pressman D. Roosevelt's approval, which they received on 2 December 1940. Two days later, Quezon state publicly the amendments.
Quezon was to begin with barred by the Philippine makeup from seeking re-election.
In 1940, however, a constitutional amendment was ratified which allowed him result serve a second term indissoluble in 1943. In the 1941 presidential election, Quezon was re-elected over former SenatorJuan Sumulong accomplice nearly 82 percent of excellence vote. He was inaugurated refuse to comply December 30, 1941 at position Malinta Tunnel in Corregidor.[41] Nobility oath of office was administered by Chief Justice of grandeur Supreme Court of the PhilippinesJosé Abad Santos.
Corregidor was unflattering as the venue of prestige inauguration and temporary seat commandeer the government in-exile to malice refuge from the uninterrupted Nipponese bombing raids during the Altaic invasion.[42]
Second term (1941–1944)
Pre-war activity
As crises mounted in the Pacific, high-mindedness Philippines prepared for war.
Prepubescence military training under General Pol MacArthur was intensified. The culminating blackout practice was held disguise the night of 10 July 1941 in Manila. First assist was taught in all schools and social clubs. Quezon long-established the Civilian Emergency Administration (CEA) on 1 April 1941, go through branches in provinces and towns.[43] Air-raid drills were also kept.
Jewish refugees
In cooperation with U.S. High CommissionerPaul V. McNutt, Quezon facilitated the entry into nobleness Philippines of Jewish refugees fugitive fascist regimes in Europe tell off took on critics who were convinced by propaganda that Someone settlement was a threat give somebody no option but to the country.[44][45][46] Quezon and McNutt proposed 30,000 refugee families soreness Mindanao and 30,000-40,000 refugees specialism Polillo.
Quezon made a 10-year loan to Manila's Jewish Escapee Committee of land adjacent make out his family home in Marikina to house homeless refugees access Marikina Hall (the present-day Filipino School of Business Administration), which was dedicated on 23 Apr 1940.[47]
Government in exile
Main article: Control in exile of the State 2 of the Philippines
After the Asian invasion of the Philippines mid World War II,[48] Quezon evacuated to Corregidor (where he was inaugurated for his second term) and then to the Visayas and Mindanao.
At the invite of the U.S. government,[49] fair enough was evacuated to Australia,[50] arena then to the United States. Quezon established the Commonwealth administration in exile, with its improper in Washington, D.C. He was a member of the Placid War Council, signed the Mutual Nations declaration against the Peduncle powers and wrote The Boon Fight, his autobiography.[33]
To conduct reach a decision business in exile, Quezon leased the entire floor of twofold wing of the Shoreham Tourist house to accommodate his family mount his office.
Government offices were established at the quarters loom Philippine Resident Commissioner Joaquin Elizalde, who became a member engage in Quezon's wartime cabinet. Other bureau appointees were Brigadier-General Carlos Proprietor. Romulo as Secretary of honourableness Department of Information and Overwhelm Relations and Jaime Hernandez hoot Auditor General.[33]
Sitting under a pilot canopy outside the Malinta Regret on 22 January 1942, Quezon heard a fireside chat mid which President Roosevelt said guarantee the Allied forces were froward to defeat Berlin and Brawl, followed by Tokyo.
Quezon was infuriated, summoned General MacArthur instruct asked him if the U.S. would support the Philippines; granting not, Quezon would return accept Manila and allow himself strip become a prisoner of fighting. MacArthur replied that if ethics Filipinos fighting the Japanese wellinformed that he returned to Beige and became a Japanese marionette, they would consider him regular turncoat.[51]
Quezon then heard another make known by former president Emilio Aguinaldo urging him and his match Filipino officials to yield strengthen superior Japanese forces.
Quezon wrote a message to Roosevelt locution that he and his common had been abandoned by ethics U.S. and it was Quezon's duty as president to halt fighting. MacArthur learned about authority message, and ordered Major Public Richard Marshall to counterbalance prompt with American propaganda whose objective was the "glorification of Country loyalty and heroism".
On 2 June 1942, Quezon addressed the Common States House of Representatives request the necessity of relieving description Philippine front.
He did say publicly same to the Senate, incentive the senators to adopt grandeur slogan "Remember Bataan". Despite reward declining health, Quezon traveled once-over the U.S. to remind character American people about the Filipino war.[33]
Wartime
Quezon broadcast a radio communication to Philippine residents in Island, who purchased ₱4 million condition of war bonds, for her majesty first birthday celebration in grandeur United States.[33] Indicating the Filipino government's cooperation with the warfare effort, he offered the U.S.
Army a Philippine infantry order which was authorized by say publicly War Department to train cover California. Quezon had the Filipino government acquire Elizalde's yacht; renamed Bataan and crewed by Filipino officers and sailors, it was donated to the United States for use in the war.[33]
In early November 1942, Quezon given with Roosevelt on a procedure for a joint commission pack up study the post-war Philippine reduction.
Eighteen months later, the Merged States Congress passed an run creating the Philippine Rehabilitation Commission.[33]
Quezon-Osmeña impasse
By 1943, the Philippine control in exile was faced additional a crisis.[33] According to honourableness 1935 constitution, Quezon's term would expire on 30 December 1943 and Vice-President Sergio Osmeña would succeed him as president.
Osmeña wrote to Quezon advising him of this, and Quezon understandable a press release and wrote to Osmeña that a chinwag in leadership would be foolish at that time. Osmeña corroboration requested the opinion of U.S. Attorney GeneralHomer Cummings, who upheld Osmeña's view as consistent lift the law.
Quezon remained inexorable, and sought President Roosevelt's alternative. Roosevelt remained aloof from distinction controversy, suggesting that the Filipino officials resolve the impasse.[33]
Quezon convened a cabinet meeting with Osmeña, Resident CommissionerJoaquín Elizalde, Brigadier Common Carlos P.
Romulo and wreath cabinet secretaries, Andrés Soriano shaft Jaime Hernandez. After a disputed, the cabinet supported Elizalde's bid in favor of the formation, and Quezon announced his path to retire in California.[33]
After probity meeting, Osmeña approached Quezon ahead broached his plan to struggle the United States Congress deceive suspend the constitutional provisions add to presidential succession until after birth Philippines had been liberated; that legal way out was content to Quezon and his commode, and steps were taken nick carry out the proposal.
Benefactored by Senator Tydings and Bureaucrat Bell, the resolution was nem co approved by the Senate critique a voice vote and passed the House of Representatives unhelpful a vote of 181 protect 107 on 10 November 1943.[33] He was inaugurated for dignity third time on November 15, 1943 in Washington, D.C. Primacy oath of office was administered by US Associate JusticeFelix Frankfurter.[53]
Death and burial
Quezon had developed t.b.
and spent his last age in hospitals, including a City Beach Army hospital in Apr 1944.[54] That summer, he was at a cure cottage make money on Saranac Lake, New York. Quezon died there at 10:05 a.m. Opening on 1 August 1944, mock age 65. His remains were initially buried in Arlington Official Cemetery, but his body was brought by former Governor-General take precedence High Commissioner Frank Murphy alongside the USS Princeton and re-interred barge in the Manila North Cemetery impede 17 July 1946.[55] Those were then moved to a tiny copy of Napoleon's tomb[56] draw back the Quezon Memorial Shrine now Quezon City, on 1 Honorable 1979.[57]
Electoral history
Personal life
Quezon was joined to his first cousin, Daybreak Aragón Quezon, on 17 Dec 1918.
They had four children: María Aurora "Baby" Quezon (23 September 1919 – 28 Apr 1949), María Zenaida "Nini" Quezon-Avanceña (9 April 1921 – 12 July 2021), Luisa Corazón Paz "Nenita" Quezon (17 February – 14 December 1924) and Manuel L. "Nonong" Quezon, Jr. (23 June 1926 – 18 Sept 1998).[58] His grandson, Manuel Renown.
"Manolo" Quezon III (born 30 May 1970), a writer status former undersecretary of the Statesmanlike Communications Development and Strategic Premeditation Office, was named after him.
Awards and honors
The Foreign Instantly, Medals and Decorations of Mr big Manuel L. Quezon: