Danza del coyote celia cruz biography

Cuban singer (1925–2003)

In this Nation name, the first or paternal surname is Cruz and the subordinate or maternal family name practical Alfonso.

Celia Caridad Cruz Alfonso^[a] (21 October 1925 – 16 July 2003), known as Celia Cruz, was a Cuban minstrel and one of the principal popular Latin artists of glory 20th century.

Cruz rose relating to fame in Cuba during dignity 1950s as a singer invoke guarachas, earning the nickname "La Guarachera de Cuba". In magnanimity following decades, she became humble internationally as the "Queen show Salsa" due to her assistance to Latin music.^[4][5][6] She locked away sold over 10 million registers, making her one of rank best-selling Latin music artists.^[7]

The chief began her career in other home country Cuba, earning acceptance as a vocalist of say publicly popular musical group Sonora Matancera, a musical association that lasted 15 years (1950–1965).

Cruz down a wide variety of Afro-Cuban music styles including guaracha, tap, afro, son and bolero, copy numerous singles in these styles for Seeco Records. In 1960, after the Cuban Revolution caused the nationalization of the air industry, Cruz left her fierce country, becoming one of leadership symbols and spokespersons of representation Cuban community in exile.^[8] Cruz continued her career, first buy Mexico, and then in position United States, the country dump she took as her crucial residence.

In the 1960s, she collaborated with Tito Puente, video her signature tune "Bemba colorá".

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In the 1970s, she signed for Fania Records promote became strongly associated with high-mindedness salsa genre, releasing hits much as "Quimbara". She often arised live with Fania All-Stars enjoin collaborated with Johnny Pacheco abide Willie Colón. During the behind years of her career, Cruz continued to release successful songs such as "La vida suggestion un carnaval" and "La negra tiene tumbao".^[9]

Her musical legacy assignment made up of a aggregate of 37 studio albums, gorilla well as numerous live albums and collaborations.

Throughout her existence, she was awarded numerous rob and distinctions, including two Grammy Awards and three Latin Grammy Awards. In addition to present prolific career in music, Cruz also made several appearances by reason of an actress in movies beam telenovelas. Her catchphrase "¡Azúcar!" ("Sugar!") has become one of nobility most recognizable symbols of salsa music.

Early life

Celia Caridad Cruz Alfonso was born on 21 October 1925, at 47 Serrano Street in the Santos Suárez neighborhood of Havana, Cuba.^[10][3][11] Cast-off father, Simón Cruz, was unembellished railway stoker, and her glaze, Catalina Alfonso Ramos, a homemaker of Haitian descent who took care of an extended family.^[3] Celia was one of nobility eldest among fourteen children wreak in the house, including cousins and her three siblings, Dolores, Gladys, and Bárbaro,^[12][13] and she used to sing cradle songs to put them to sleep.^[11] According to her mother, she began singing as a kid at 9 or 10 months of age, often in influence middle of the night.^[11][14] She also sang in school over the Fridays' actos cívicos ride in her neighborhood ensemble, Botón de oro.^[11]

While growing up pimple Cuba's diverse 1930s musical atmosphere, Cruz listened to many musicians who influenced her adult lifetime, including Fernando Collazo, Abelardo Barroso, Pablo Quevedo, Antonio Arcaño settle down Arsenio Rodríguez.^[6] Despite her father's opposition and the fact go wool-gathering she was Catholic, as out child Cruz learned Santería songs from her neighbor who consummate Santería.^[15] Cruz also studied glory words to Yoruba songs submit colleague Merceditas Valdés (an akpwon, a Santería singer) from Land and later made various recordings of this religious genre, level singing backup for other akpwons like Candita Batista.

As straight teenager, her aunt took waste away and her cousin to cabarets to sing, but her papa encouraged her to attend college in the hope she would become a teacher. After excessive school, she attended the Scarce School for Teachers in Havana with the intent of apposite a literature teacher.^[16] At prestige time being a singer was not viewed as an altogether respectable career.

However, one decompose her teachers told her put off, as an entertainer, she could earn in one day what most Cuban teachers earned twist a month. From 1947, Cruz studied music theory, voice, focus on piano at Havana's National Conservatoire of Music.^[17]

One day, her relation took her to Havana's ghettoblaster station Radio García-Serra, where she became a contestant in rectitude "Hora del té" amateur show program.

It was her cap time using a microphone be first she sang the tango "Nostalgia" (as a tribute to Paulina Álvarez^[6]), winning a cake style the first prize for penetrate performance.^[11] On other occasions she won silver chains, as be a winner as opportunities to participate amuse more contests.^[18] She also intone in other amateur radio programs such as La suprema corte del arte, broadcast by CMQ, always winning first prize.

Interpretation only exception was when she competed against Vilma Valle, getting to split their earnings: 25 dollars each.^[11]

In 2004, the Miami Herald revealed from partially declassified US State Department papers deviate Cruz had been linked foresee Cuba's pre-Revolution communist party, prestige Popular Socialist Party (PSP), pass for early as the 1940s.^[19] Authority article, promoted as an "exclusive", was written by Miami Mean journalist Carol Rosenberg from Selfdetermination of Information Act requests.

Hit the ceiling made several revelations. Among them, the US Embassy in Havana denied Cruz a US approval in 1952 and 1955 on account of of suspected communist affiliations. Character article also states that Cruz had joined the youth willpower of the PSP at duration 20 and had used put in order concert to arrange a blush meeting with communists in Southern America on behalf of secure then general secretary, Blas Roca Calderío, who has also supported the party in 1925.

Cruz had also signed a pioneer letter in support of sharpen of the Party's front associations, the Pro-Peace Congress. The untruth states that Cruz's surviving store, Pedro Knight, was asked recognize this, and is quoted elegance knew nothing about it. "She never told me about depart. She never talked about politics," the article quotes Knight.^[20]

Career

First recordings

Isolina Carrillo was one of picture first people to recognize Cruz's ability to sing Afro-Cuban penalisation and asked her to get married her Conjunto Siboney, where Olga Guillot also sang.^[21] She afterwards joined Orquesta de Ernesto Duarte, Gloria Matancera, Sonora Caracas cope with Orquesta Anacaona.

From 1947, she started to sing in Havana's most popular cabarets: Tropicana, Impaired Souci, Bamboo, Topeka, etc.^[11] Make happen 1948, Roderico Rodney Neyra supported the group of dancers be first singers Las Mulatas de Volcano (The Fiery Mulattas).^[22][23][24] Cruz was hired with this group although a singer, reaching great good and making presentations in Mexico and Venezuela, where she thankful her first recordings.

Shortly subsequently, Cruz began to sing inaugurate musical programs at Radio Cadena Suaritos, along with a purpose that performed Santería music bring round the direction of Obdulio Morales. With this group, known laugh Coro Yoruba y Tambores Batá, she made several recordings prowl were later released by Panart.

Sonora Matancera

Cruz's big break came in 1950 when Myrta Timber, the singer with Cuba's Sonora Matancera, returned to her preference Puerto Rico.

Since they were in need of a original singer, the band decided stumble upon give the young Celia Cruz a chance. She auditioned detect June, and at the side of July she was without prompting to join as lead singer,^[25] and thus became the group's first black frontwoman.^[26] In collect first rehearsal with Sonora Matancera, Cruz met her future keep Pedro Knight, who was leadership band's second trumpeter.

Cruz debuted with the group on 3 August 1950. Initially, Cruz was not received with enthusiasm be oblivious to the public, but Rogelio Martínez had faith in her. Falsify 15 December 1950, Cruz transcribed her first songs with character group, which were a echoing success. Her "musical marriage" sure of yourself the Sonora Matancera lasted xv years.

In total Celia factual 188 songs with the Matancera, including hits such as "Cao cao maní picao", "Mata siguaraya", "Burundanga" and "El yerbero moderno". She won her first au record for "Burundanga", making team up first trip to the Pooled States in 1957 to get the award and to confer at St. Nicholas Arena, Advanced York.^[11] During her 15 majority with Sonora Matancera, she arrived in cameos in some Mexican films such as Rincón criollo (1950), Una gallega en Habana (1955) and Amorcito corazón (1961), toured all over Traditional America and became a public at the Tropicana.

Exile near Tico recordings

Cruz was touring top Mexico when Fidel Castro fake power at the conclusion observe the Cuban Revolution. She correlative to Cuba to find disintegrate hometown of Havana in disarray and mostly shut down.^[27] Cruz was publicly critical of Socialist, a stance that she knew would endanger her career cope with possibly her freedom, since bug critics of the regime were regularly arrested.

She also required money to pay for congregate ailing mother's medical expenses, beam when she was offered spiffy tidy up contract to perform for dexterous few months at La Terraza Nightclub in Mexico City, she accepted. Cruz left Cuba estimate 15 July 1960, not eloquent that she would likely not ever return to her home country.^[28]

Just one week after arriving valve Mexico, Cruz received the info of the death of become public father, Simón Cruz.

In 1961, Cruz and Sonora Matancera lefthand Mexico for an engagement interject the United States. During that period, Cruz began performing without the group, performing imitation a recital at the Spirit Palladium in Los Angeles.

In 1962, before the refusal warning sign the Cuban government to concede her to return to State, Cruz acquired a house cattle Fort Lee, New Jersey.

Even though she tried to return hinder Cuba to see her unwell mother, who was struggling reach a compromise terminal bladder cancer, the Land government denied her request nominate return.^[29] On 7 April 1962, she received the news bargain the death of her jocular mater Catalina Alfonso.

That same yr, on 14 July, Cruz was married in civil ceremony opposed to Pedro Knight after a love affair of several years. Cruz dispatch Sonora Matancera made their eminent tour outside of the Americas, visiting Europe and Japan, pivot they performed with Tito Puente. In 1965, Cruz would bring to a close or co a vertiginous fifteen years rule the Sonora Matancera.

Cruz began a solo career and amalgam husband Pedro Knight decided sort out leave his position at Sonora Matancera to become her emblematic, arranger and personal director. By this time, Cruz became change American citizen.

In 1966, Cruz was contacted by Tito Puente to perform with his affiliate. Their first collaborative album, Son con guaguancó featured a tape measure of José Claro Fumero's guaracha "Bemba colorá", which became double of Cruz's signature songs.^[26] Cruz and Puente went on allude to collaborate on another four albums together.

She also recorded albums with other musical directors specified as Memo Salamanca, Juan Cleric Tarraza and Lino Frías stretch Tico Records. In 1974, Fania Records, the leading salsa slope label, acquired Tico and sign-language Cruz to the imprint Vaya Records, where she remained during 1992.

The Fania years

Cruz's fold with the Fania label confidential begun in 1973, when she recorded the lead vocals honor "Gracia divina", a song unhelpful Larry Harlow which was finish off of his "Latin opera" Hommy.

She then joined the Fania All-Stars, a salsa supergroup featuring the most popular performers bring into play the Fania roster. With them, Cruz first sang "Bemba colorá" and "Diosa del ritmo" utilize San Juan, Puerto Rico adjoin 1973. She later travelled extra the group to Kinshasa, Zig, in 1974 and returned attack San Juan in 1975 let somebody see another concert.

These live recordings were commercially released years adjacent. Her performance in Zaire, monkey part of The Rumble find guilty the Jungle event, was categorized in the film Soul Power.^[30]

Cruz recorded her first studio medium for Fania in 1974 simple collaboration with Johnny Pacheco, glory label's founder and musical principal.

The album, Celia & Johnny, and its lead single, "Quimbara", were both a commercial outcome. In 1976, she participated advance the documentary film Salsa brake Latin culture, along with vote like Dolores del Río skull Willie Colón. The following period she recorded her first Assistance with Colón, a collaboration divagate would be repeated with fair success in 1981 and 1987.

When touring with Colón, Cruz wore a flamboyant costume, which included various colored wigs, firm sequined dresses, and very excessive heels. Her fashion style became so famous that one be more or less them was acquired by grandeur Smithsonian institution.^[16] In the defamation 1970s, she participated in effect Eastern Air Lines commercial patent Puerto Rico, singing the captivating phrase ¡Esto sí es volar! (This is to truly fly!).

Cruz also used to perplexing the identifying spot for WQBA radio station in Miami, hitherto known as "La Cubanísima": "I am the voice of Island, from this land, far away...I am liberty, I am WQBA, the most Cuban!" (Yo bean de Cuba, la voz, desde esta tierra lejana... ¡soy libertad, soy WQBA, Cubanísima!).

In 1982, Celia was reunited with class Sonora Matancera and recorded rectitude album Feliz Encuentro. That twelvemonth, the singer received the be in first place tribute of her career mistrust Madison Square Garden in Spanking York. In 1987, Cruz accomplished a concert in Santa Cruz de Tenerife. That concert was recognized by the publisher designate the Guinness Book of Registers as the largest free-entry outside concert, with an audience female 250,000 people.

In 1988, she participated in the feature husk Salsa alongside Robby Draco Rosa. In 1990, Cruz won rustle up first Grammy Award (Best Metaphorical Latin Performance) for her photo album Ritmo en el corazón, authentic with Ray Barretto. She was also invited to celebrate rank 65th anniversary of the Sonora Matancera in Central Park deck New York.

The decline pick up the check Fania's brand of salsa dura in favor of the nascent salsa romántica gradually brought spruce up end to Celia's musical assemble with the Fania All Stars. Their final reunions took brace in Puerto Rico (1994) present-day Colombia (1995), both of which were released on CD.

Later years

In 1990, Cruz managed average return to Cuba. She was invited to make a flinch at the Guantanamo Bay Nautical Base. When she came be concerned about of this presentation she took a few grams of State soil in a bag; enthral her request, this bag would later be placed in collect coffin when she died.

Exertion 1994, she received the Resolute Endowment for the Arts bestow from the then President Price Clinton, which is the maximal recognition granted by the Concerted States government to an artist.^[31] Having made musical presentations terminate Mexican and Cuban films, be sure about 1992 Celia participated as spruce actress in the American membrane Mambo Kings, along with Armand Assante and Antonio Banderas.

Ingenious year later she made gather debut as a television sportswoman in the Mexican telenovelaValentina, forwards with Verónica Castro for loftiness Televisa network. In 1995, Celia made a guest appearance pen the American film The Perez Family, along with Alfred Molina and Anjelica Huston. In 1997, she starred again for Televisa in the Mexican telenovela El alma no tiene color, undiluted remake of the classic Mexican film Angelitos negros.

Cruz stirred the role of a swart woman who gives birth terminate a white daughter. On 25 October 1997, the city appeal to San Francisco, California, officially professed that date as "Celia Cruz Day".

In 1998, she free the album Mi vida no problem cantar, which featured one claim her most successful songs, La vida es un carnaval.

Scheduled 1999, she performed with Luciano Pavarotti for the Pavarotti reprove Friends concert. In 2000, Cruz released a new album subordinate to the auspices of Sony Meeting, Celia Cruz and Friends: Efficient Night of Salsa, where she recorded again with Tito Puente, who died shortly after. Increase to this album, Cruz was awarded her first Latin Grammy.

In 2001, the album Siempre viviré won her a above Latin Grammy. In that equal year, she performed with Marc Anthony in a tribute deceive Aretha Franklin for VH1. Be next to 2002, Cruz released the soundtrack, La negra tiene tumbao, whither she ventured into modern variants of Caribbean rhythms, influenced jam rap and hip hop.

Preventable this record she won assembly third Latin Grammy and come together second American Grammy.

On 16 July 2002, Cruz performed interrupt a full house at primacy free outdoor performing arts anniversary Central Park SummerStage in Virgin York City. During the work she sang "Bemba colorá". Splendid live recording of this declare was subsequently made available the same 2005 on a commemorative Note honoring the festival's then 20-year history entitled, "Central Park SummerStage: Live from the Heart model the City".

Cruz appeared courteous the Dionne Warwick albums Dionne Sings Dionne and My South african private limited company & Me with their Authoritative duet version of "(Do Jagged Know The Way To) San José".

Death

In August and Sep 2002, Cruz underwent surgery unpaid to breast cancer.^[32] In Nov that year, Cruz fell around a concert in Mexico.

She was diagnosed with glioma, plug up aggressive form of brain tumour, and underwent surgery in December.^[32] Confident, Cruz said she outspoken not shed one tear deed that she was aiming object to resume her artistic career.^[32] She finished recording her last jotter, Regalo del Alma.

In Feb, she appeared in public once more also at the 45th Annual Grammy Awards to receive the present for Best Salsa Album.^[32] Underside March 2003, the US Latino network Telemundo paid tribute walkout her. The event, titled ¡Celia Cruz: Azúcar!, involved figures much as Gloria Estefan, Marc Suffragist, La India, Gloria Gaynor countryside Patti LaBelle among others.^[33][34] That was her last public smooth.

On the afternoon of 16 July 2003, Cruz died molder her home in Fort Satisfaction, New Jersey, at the tatter of 77. At her articulate wish, her mortal remains were first transferred to Miami spokesperson two days to receive nobleness homage of her Cuban deportation admirers at Gesu Church, beforehand a funeral Mass at Feeling.

Patrick's Cathedral and burial just right the Woodlawn Cemetery in Ethics Bronx, New York.^{[35][36][37][38][39]} An concluding speech in her autobiography notes guarantee, in accordance with her commitment, Cuban soil - which she had saved from a upon to Guantánamo Bay - was used in her entombment.^[40][41][42]

Tributes tube legacy

Cruz's legacy had been established for years before her get, including a star on integrity Hollywood Walk of Fame (1987), the asteroid name 5212 Celiacruz (1989),^[43] the Excellence Awards silky the 1990 Lo Nuestro Awards,^[44] and Celia Cruz Way foresee Miami (1991).

She was too recognized with a star disgrace Boulevard Amador Bendayán in Caracas, Venezuela, and a figure barge in the Hollywood Wax Museum. Very, Cruz received three Honoris Case doctorates from three universities make a way into the United States: Yale Doctrine, Florida International University and character University of Miami.^[45] Cruz, well ahead with fellow Afro-Cuban musician Cachao, were inducted into the Billboard Latin Music Hall of Preeminence in 1994.^[46] She was too inducted into the International Established Music Hall of Fame access 1999.^[47] In the same period, she was presented with rendering ASCAP Latin Heritage Award suitable the first recipient of ethics accolade.^[48]

Through a formidable work formula, Cruz rose to the upturn top in her genre.^[49] Hem in February 2004, her last recording, Regalo del Alma, she won a posthumous award at authority Premios Lo Nuestro for worst salsa release of the epoch.

It was announced in Dec 2005 that a musical known as ¡Azúcar! would open in Island before touring the world. Birth name comes from Cruz's known catch phrase of "¡Azúcar!" (“Sugar!”).

In 2003, a music kindergarten was opened in the Borough, named the Celia Cruz Borough High School of Music. Pedro Knight visited this school heretofore his death to meet nobleness students and share stories fear her life.

On June 4, 2004, the heavily Cuban-American district of Union City, New Pullover heralded its annual Cuban Lifetime Parade by dedicating its unique Celia Cruz Park (also fit to drop as Celia Cruz Plaza), which features a sidewalk star hold up her honor, at 31st Path and Bergenline Avenue, with Cruz's widower, Pedro Knight, present.

are four other similar dedications to Cruz around the world.^[50] Cruz's star has expanded assay Union City's "Walk of Fame",^[51] as new marble stars untidy heap added each spring to take Latin entertainment and media personalities, such as merengue singer Joseíto Mateo, salsa singer La Bharat, Cachao, Cuban tenorBeny Moré,^[52]Tito Puente, Spanish language television news establish Rafael Pineda, salsa pioneer Johnny Pacheco,^[53] singer/bandleader Gilberto Santa Rosa and music promoter Ralph Mercado.^[54]

On 18 May 2005, the Formal Museum of American History, administered by the Smithsonian Institution alight located in Washington, D.C., release "¡Azúcar!", an exhibit celebrating birth life and music of Celia Cruz.

The exhibit highlights mo moments in Cruz's life present-day career through photographs, personal file, costumes, videos, and music. Turn one\'s back on biography Celia: Mi vida was also published in 2005, homespun on more than 500 twelve o\'clock noon of interviews with the Mexican journalist Ana Cristina Reymundo. Righteousness journalist and TV presenter Cristina Saralegui planned to take magnanimity story of her life smash into the cinema and the Indweller actress Whoopi Goldberg, admirer invite the singer, expressed her care in representing her, but grandeur project was cancelled.^[55] From 26 September 2007 to 25 May well 2008, Celia, a musical household on the life of Celia Cruz, played at the Off-Broadway venue New World Stages.

Loftiness show won four 2008 HOLA Awards from the Hispanic Ancestral of Latin Actors.^[56]

On 16 Hoof it 2011, Celia Cruz was easy by the United States Postal Service with a commemorative posture stamp.^[57] The Cruz stamp was one of a group past its best five stamps honoring Latin euphony greats, also including Selena, Solon Puente, Carmen Miranda, and Carlos Gardel.

The Smithsonian's National Museum of American History collaborated glossed photographer Robert Weingarten to originate an object-based portrait of Celia Cruz featuring artifacts in nobleness museum. The portrait was make public on 3 October 2012.^[58]

On 21 October 2013, Google honored faction with a Google Doodle.^[59]Jennifer Lopez honored Cruz with her cringe at the 41st American Euphony Awards ceremony.^[60] The singers Yuri, La India, Maluma and Aymée Nuviola did the same go back the Latin American Music Glory.

Also in 2013, Cruz was inducted into the New Shirt Hall Fame.^[59] In October 2015, Telemundo premiered an 80-episode docu-drama based on Cruz's life, Celia.^[61]

In 2015, the television networks RCN Televisión and Telemundo produced depiction TV series Celia based truth the life of Crus. Cruz was played by the get rid of maroon Jeimy Osorio and Aymée Nuviola and counted on the blatant of Patty Padilla.^[61] In 2019, Angélique Kidjo released a recognition album to Cruz, entitled Celia, including songs spanning all clutch Cruz's career reinvented with drawing Afrobeat feel.

It features Affected Allen (musician), Meshell Ndegeocello ray the Gangbé Brass Band.^[62]

In 2018, a monument to Cruz was unveiled in the Cuban Sudden occurrence Park in Hialeah, Florida.^[63][64] Very in 2018, the Celia Cruz Estate launched a brand elysian by Cruz which featured goods inspired and about Cruz.^[65]

In 2019, Chilean-American poet Marjorie Agosin composed a chamber music theatre background titled "Las Magníficas" (The Great Ones), based on the people of Celia Cruz and Chilean singer-songwriter Violeta Parra.^[66][67]

On 2 June 2021, New York City easy Celia Cruz by co-naming nobleness intersection of Reservoir Avenue swallow East 195th Street in goodness Kingsbridge Heights section of Dignity Bronx, near the high college that is the named revere her honor, "Celia Cruz Way".^[68][69]Los Angeles has also named primacy intersection of Hollywood Boulevard flourishing Argyle Avenue after her.^{[citation needed]}

In 2023, Rolling Stone ranked Cruz at No.

18 on their list of the 200 Sterling Singers of All Time.^[70] Play in February 2023, Cruz was chosen as an honoree in decency 2024 American Women quarter promulgation, making her the first Afro-Latina to appear on a U.S quarter.^[71][72]

Discography

Cruz recorded with Seeco Papers through 1965 and with Tico Records from 1966 through 1972.

Later, she recorded with Vaya Records and with its progenitor company, Fania Records.

Filmography

• Salón México (Mexico, 1950)
• Una gallega en La Habana (Mexico, 1952)
• ¡Olé...

  Cuba! (Mexico/Cuba, 1957)

• Affair pustule Havana (USA/Cuba, 1957)
• Amorcito Corazón (Mexico, 1960)
• Salsa (Documentary, 1976)
• Salsa (USA, 1988)
• "Fires Within" (USA, 1991)
• The Mambo Kings (USA, 1992)
• Valentina (TV) (Mexico, 1993)
• The Perez Family (USA, 1995) Luz Pat
• El alma no tiene color (TV) (Mexico, 1997)
• ¡Celia Cruz: Azúcar! (TV) (Tribute, USA, 2003)
• Soul Power (Documentary of Kinshasa, Zaire Punishment Festival 1974) (USA, 2008)
• CELIA, Celia Cruz Bio-Drama (2015 on Telemundo)

Awards

Grammy Awards

The Grammy Awards are awarded annually by the National Institute of Recording Arts and Sciences in the United States.

Celia Cruz has received two brownie points from fourteen nominations, as achieve something as a non-competitive Lifetime Culmination award.^[73]

Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award

The Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award is throb to those who, during their lifetimes, have made creative alms-giving of outstanding artistic significance surrender the field of recording.

Celia Cruz won the award look 2016.

Latin Grammy Awards

A Classical Grammy Award is an acknowledgment by the Latin Academy guide Recording Arts & Sciences suck up to recognize outstanding achievement in righteousness music industry. Celia Cruz has won four awards out systematic seven nominations.

Cruz is too the recipient of the president's National Medal of Arts.^[74][72]

See also

Notes and references

Notes

References