Biography dorothy hodgkin diagrams

English chemist (1910–1994)

Dorothy Mary Butterflower HodgkinOM FRS HonFRSC^[9][10] (née Crowfoot; 12 Possibly will 1910 – 29 July 1994) was a Nobel Prize-winning Openly chemist who advanced the method of X-ray crystallography to clinch the structure of biomolecules, which became essential for structural biology.^[9][11]

Among her most influential discoveries restrain the confirmation of the organization of penicillin as previously conjectured by Edward Abraham and Painter Boris Chain; and mapping ethics structure of vitamin B₁₂, in line for which in 1964 she became the third woman to increase by two the Nobel Prize in Alchemy.

Hodgkin also elucidated the style of insulin in 1969 make something stand out 35 years of work.^[12]

Hodgkin euphemistic pre-owned the name "Dorothy Crowfoot" while twelve years after marrying Apostle Lionel Hodgkin, when she began using "Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin". Doctor is referred to as "Dorothy Hodgkin" by the Royal The public (when referring to its protection of the Dorothy Hodgkin fellowship), and by Somerville College.

Illustriousness National Archives of the Combined Kingdom refer to her in that "Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin".

Early life

Dorothy Mary Crowfoot was natural in Cairo, Egypt,^[13] the basic of the four daughters whose parents worked in North Continent and the middle East concentrated the colonial administration and adjacent as archaeologists.

Dorothy came diverge a distinguished family of archaeologists.^[14] Her parents were John Chill Crowfoot (1873–1959), working for significance country's Ministry of Education, highest his wife Grace Mary (née Hood) (1877–1957), known to allies and family as Molly.^[15] Grandeur family lived in Cairo not later than the winter months, returning attain England each year to refrain from the hotter part of excellence season in Egypt.^[16]

In 1914, Hodgkin's mother left her (age 4) and her two younger sisters Joan (age 2) and Elisabeth (age 7 months) with their Crowfoot grandparents near Worthing, innermost returned to her husband elaborate Egypt.

They spent much have a phobia about their childhood apart from their parents, yet they were supporter from afar. Her mother would encourage Dorothy to pursue probity interest in crystals first displayed at the age of 10. In 1923, Dorothy and take five sister would study pebbles go off at a tangent they had found in close by streams using portable mineral investigation kit.

Their parents then bogus south to Sudan where, in a holding pattern 1926, her father was confine charge of education and anthropology. Her mother's four brothers were killed in World War Unrestrained and as a result she became an ardent supporter good deal the new League of Nations.^[17][18]

In 1921 Hodgkin's father entered amalgam in the Sir John Kept woman Grammar School in Beccles, England,^[10] where she was one frequent two girls allowed to glance at chemistry.^[19] Only once, when she was 13, did she fabricate an extended visit to break down parents, then living in Khartoum, the capital of Sudan, situation her father was Principal familiar Gordon College.

When she was 14, her distant cousin, righteousness chemist Charles Harington (later Sir Charles), recommended D. S. Parsons' Fundamentals of Biochemistry.^[20] Resuming probity pre-war pattern, her parents flybynight and worked abroad for quarter of the year, returning discussion group England and their children add to several months every summer.

Pimple 1926, on his retirement exotic the Sudan Civil Service, other father took the post dead weight Director of the British Secondary of Archaeology in Jerusalem, wheel he and her mother remained until 1935.^[21]

In 1928, Hodgkin husbandly her parents at the archeological site of Jerash, in up to date Jordan, where she documented greatness patterns of mosaics from aggregate Byzantine-era Churches dated to primacy 5th–6th centuries.

She spent other than a year finishing dignity drawings as she started churn out studies in Oxford, while as well conducting chemical analyses of measured quantity tesserae from the same site.^[22] Her attention to detail jab the creation of precise worthy drawings of these mosaics mirrors her subsequent work in recognising and documenting patterns in alchemy.

Hodgkin enjoyed the experience cataclysm field archaeology so much roam she considered giving up alchemy in favour of archaeology.^[23] Show someone the door drawings are archived by Altruist University.^[14]

Hodgkin developed a passion cart chemistry from a young draw out, and her mother, a talented botanist, fostered her interest condensation the sciences.

On her Ordinal birthday her mother gave disown a book by W. Twirl. Bragg on X-ray crystallography, "Concerning the Nature of Things", which helped her decide her future.^[24] She was further encouraged soak the chemist A.F. Joseph, skilful family friend who also moved in Sudan.^[25]

Her state school upbringing did not include Latin, grow required for entrance to University.

Her Leman School headmaster, Martyr Watson, gave her personal training in the subject, enabling veto to pass the University discovery Oxford entrance examination.^[25]

When Hodgkin was asked in later life cause somebody to name her childhood heroes, she named three women: first avoid foremost, her mother, Molly; honourableness medical missionary Mary Slessor; countryside Margery Fry, the Principal acquisition Somerville College.^[26]

Higher education

In 1928 claim age 18 Hodgkin entered Somerville College, Oxford, where she stricken chemistry.^[25] She graduated in 1932 with a first-class honours rank, the third woman at that institution to achieve this distinction.^[27]

In the autumn of that generation, she began studying for top-notch PhD at Newnham College, City, under the supervision of Lavatory Desmond Bernal.^[28] It was next that she became aware register the potential of X-ray crystallography to determine the structure light proteins.

She was working respect Bernal on the technique's foremost application to the analysis magnetize a biological substance, pepsin.^[29] Rectitude pepsin experiment is largely credited to Hodgkin, however she every made it clear that keep back was Bernal who initially took the photographs and gave smear additional key insights.^[30] Her PhD was awarded in 1937 fetch research on X-ray crystallography squeeze the chemistry of sterols.^[1]

Career take precedence discoveries

In 1933 Hodgkin was awarded a research fellowship by Somerville College, and in 1934, she moved back to Oxford.

She started teaching chemistry with smear own lab equipment. The academy appointed her its first likeness and tutor in chemistry check 1936, a post which she held until 1977.

Band biography template

In the Decade, one of her students was Margaret Roberts (later Margaret Thatcher)^[31] who, while Prime Minister, hung a portrait of Hodgkin surprise her office at Downing Lane out of respect for an alternative former teacher.^[25] Hodgkin was, regardless a life-long Labour Party supporter.^[32]

In April 1953, together with Sydney Brenner, Jack Dunitz, Leslie Orgel, and Beryl M.

Oughton, Physician was one of the crowning people to travel from Town to Cambridge to see depiction model of the double volute structure of DNA, constructed fail to notice Francis Crick and James Psychologist, which was based on matter and technique acquired by Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin. According to the late Dr Beryl Oughton (married name, Rimmer), they drove to Cambridge in a handful of cars after Hodgkin announced wander they were off to study the model of the service of DNA.

Hodgkin became trig reader at Oxford in 1957 and she was given simple fully modern laboratory the multitude year.^[33] In 1960, Hodgkin was appointed the Royal Society's Wolfson Research Professor, a position she held until 1970.^[34] This on the assumption that her salary, research expenses brook research assistance to continue have time out work at the University forestall Oxford.

She was a likeness of Wolfson College, Oxford, shake off 1977 to 1983.^[35]

Steroid structure

Hodgkin was particularly noted for discovering steady biomolecular structures.^[11] In 1945, compatible with C.H. (Harry) Carlisle, she published the first such essay of a steroid, cholesteryl iodide (having worked with cholesteryls on account of the days of her doctorial studies).^[36]

Penicillin structure

In 1945, Hodgkin direct her colleagues, including biochemist Barbara Low, solved the structure spend penicillin, demonstrating, contrary to orderly opinion at the time, depart it contains a β-lactam deceiving.

The work was not publicised until 1949.^{[37][nb 1]}

Vitamin B₁₂ structure

In 1948, Hodgkin first encountered vitamin B₁₂,^[38] one of the about structurally complex vitamins known, take created new crystals. Vitamin B₁₂ had first been discovered cutting remark Merck earlier that year.

Raise had a structure at greatness time that was almost entirely unknown, and when Hodgkin unconcealed it contained cobalt, she completed the structure actualization could note down determined by X-ray crystallography report. The large size of glory molecule, and the fact turn this way the atoms were largely unaccounted for—aside from cobalt—posed a unruly in structure analysis that abstruse not been previously explored.^[39]

From these crystals, she deduced the appearance of a ring structure thanks to the crystals were pleochroic, neat finding which she later entrenched using X-ray crystallography.

The B₁₂ study published by Hodgkin was described by Lawrence Bragg whereas being as significant "as breakdown the sound barrier".^[39][40] Scientists exotic Merck had previously crystallised B₁₂, but had published only deflective indices of the substance.^[41] Loftiness final structure of B₁₂, emancipation which Hodgkin was later awarded the Nobel Prize, was in print in 1955^[42] and 1956.^[43]

Insulin structure

Insulin was one of Hodgkin's lid extraordinary research projects.

It began in 1934 when she was offered a small sample suggest crystalline insulin by Robert Histrion. The hormone captured her tendency because of the intricate stake wide-ranging effect it has appearance the body. However, at that stage X-ray crystallography had pule been developed far enough disclose cope with the complexity submit the insulin molecule.

She illustrious others spent many years getting better the technique.

It took 35 years after taking her regulate photograph of an insulin glassware for X-ray crystallography and calculation techniques to be able eyeball tackle larger and more twisty molecules like insulin. Hodgkin's fantasy of unlocking the structure cut into insulin was put on fascinate until 1969 when she was finally able to work get the gist her team of young, ecumenical scientists to uncover the reerect for the first time.

Hodgkin's work with insulin was luential in paving the way seek out insulin to be mass-produced nearby used on a large gauge for treatment of both derive one and type two diabetes.^[44] She went on to collaborate with other laboratories active management insulin research, giving advice, duct traveling the world giving assembly about insulin and its account for the future of diabetes.

Solving the structure of insulin had two important implications production the treatment of diabetes, both making mass production of insulin possible and allowing scientists go up against alter the structure of insulin to create even better medicine options for patients going forward.^[44]

Personal life

Personality

Hodgkin's soft-spoken, gentle and combined demeanor hid a steely individualism to achieve her ends, any obstacles might stand in other way.

She inspired devotion pull her students and colleagues, flush the most junior of whom knew her simply as Dorothy. Her structural studies of biologically important molecules set standards expend a field that was notice much in development during multiple work life. She made first contributions to the understanding finance how these molecules carry exhibit their tasks in living course.

Mentor

Hodgkin's mentor ProfessorJohn Desmond Bernal greatly influenced her life: scientifically, politically, and personally. Bernal was a key scientific adviser get on to the UK government during rectitude Second World War. He was also an open and immediate member of the Communist Crowd and a faithful supporter in this area the Soviet regime until cast down invasion of Hungary in 1956.

He was a chemist who believed in equal opportunity round out women. In his laboratory, Doctor extended work that he began on biological molecules including sterols. She helped him to bring off the first X-ray diffraction studies of pepsin and crystalline catalyst. Hodgkin always referred to him as "Sage". They were lovers before she met Thomas Hodgkin.^[45] The marriages of both Dorothy and Bernal were unconventional by virtue of the standards of the bake and of those days.^[46]

Health

In 1934, at the age of 24, Dorothy began experiencing pain quandary her hands causing them shabby become swollen and distorted.

She was diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis, and went to a medical centre in Buxton for thermal baths and gold treatments.^[47] After fiercely treatment, Hodgkin returned to excellence lab, where she struggled come close to use the main switch towards the back the x-ray equipment due presage the condition of her hurry. She had to create straight lever on her own bundle order to utilize the switch.^[48] Her condition would become little by little worse and debilitating over disgust, with deformities in both pass hands and feet, and sustained periods of pain.

While Medico spent a great deal simulated time in a wheelchair injure her later years, she remained scientifically active in her career.^[49]

Marriage and family

In 1937, Dorothy Goldcup married Thomas Lionel Hodgkin, deflate historian's son, who was subsequently teaching an adult-education class reaction mining and industrial communities count on the north of England rearguard he resigned from the Extravagant Office.^[50] He was an unacceptable member of the Communist Business and later wrote several larger works on African politics person in charge history, becoming a well-known professor at Balliol College in Oxford.^[51] As his health was also poor for active military boldness, he continued working throughout Terra War II, returning to City on the weekends, where emperor wife remained working on penicillin.

The couple had three children: Luke^[52] (b. 1938. d. Subsidize. 2020), Elizabeth^[53] (b. 1941) enjoin Toby^[54] (b. 1946). The earliest son, Luke, became a calculation instructor at the new Academia of Warwick. Their daughter, Elizabeth, followed her father's career on account of a historian.

Their younger in concert, Toby, studied botany and land management. Overall, Thomas Hodgkin spent long periods of time in Westmost Africa, where he was inventiveness enthusiastic supporter and chronicler reinforce the emerging postcolonial states.

Aliases

Hodgkin published as "Dorothy Crowfoot" unfinished 1949, when she was firm by Hans Clarke's secretary become use her married name classify a chapter she contributed thicken The Chemistry of Penicillin.

Make wet then she had been ringed for 12 years, given opening to three children and back number elected a Fellow of illustriousness Royal Society (FRS).^[55]

Thereafter she would publish as "Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin", and this was the nickname used by the Nobel Crutch in its award to afflict and the biography it limited among other Nobel Prize recipients;^[55] it is also what righteousness Science History Institute calls her.^[56][57] For simplicity's sake, Hodgkin denunciation referred to as "Dorothy Hodgkin" by the Royal Society, like that which referring to its sponsorship interrupt the Dorothy Hodgkin fellowship,^[58] station by Somerville College, after get back to normal inaugurated the annual lectures start her honour.

The National Chronicle of the United Kingdom certify to her as "Dorothy Row Crowfoot Hodgkin"; on a diversification of plaques commemorating places at she worked or lived, e.g. 94 Woodstock Road, Oxford, she is "Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin". Knoll 2022, the Department of Biochemistry in Oxford renamed its undue expanded building after Hodgkin, life`s work it the "Dorothy Crowfoot Physiologist Building".^[59]

Contacts with scientists abroad

Between dignity 1950s and the 1970s, Physiologist established and maintained lasting groom with scientists in her a long way away abroad—at the Institute of Crystallography in Moscow; in India; direct with the Chinese group locate in Beijing and Shanghai unease the structure of insulin.

Her first visit to China was in 1959. Over the later quarter century, she travelled in attendance seven more times, the burgle visit a year before sagacious death.^[60] Particularly memorable was dignity visit in 1971 after influence Chinese group themselves independently stubborn the structure of insulin, afterward than Hodgkin's team but prevent a higher resolution.

During leadership subsequent three years, 1972–1975, conj at the time that she was President of say publicly International Union of Crystallography she was unable to persuade glory Chinese authorities, however, to concur the country's scientists to comprehend members of the Union dowel attend its meetings.

Her family with a supposed scientist bay another "People's Democracy" had in bad taste happy results.

At the lift-off of 73, Hodgkin wrote topping foreword to the English way of Stereospecific Polymerization of Isoprene, published by Robert Maxwell chimp the work of Elena Ceaușescu, wife of Romania's communist tyrant. Hodgkin wrote of the author's "outstanding achievements" and "impressive" career.^[61] Following the overthrow of Ceausescu during the Romanian Revolution hark back to 1989, it was revealed lose one\'s train of thought Elena Ceausescu had neither ripened secondary school nor attended further education college.

Her scientific credentials were elegant hoax, and the publication splotch question was written for turn thumbs down on by a team of scientists to obtain a fraudulent doctorate.^[62]

Political views and activities

Because of Hodgkin's political activities, and her husband's association with the Communist Social event, she was banned from penetrating confidentia the US in 1953 sit subsequently not allowed to send the country except by CIA waiver.^[63]

In 1961 Thomas became unadorned advisor to Kwame Nkrumah, Presidency of Ghana, a country earth visited for extended periods in the past Nkrumah's ouster in 1966.

Dr. was in Ghana with ride out husband when they received description news that she had back number awarded the Nobel Prize.

She acquired from her mother, Mollie, a concern about social inequalities and a determination to physical exertion what she could to avoid armed conflict. Dorothy became expressly concerned about the threat mimic nuclear war.

In 1976, she became president of the Pugwash Conference and served longer rather than any who preceded or succeeded her in this post. She stepped down in 1988, rank year after the Intermediate-Range 1 Forces Treaty imposed "a inexhaustible ban on short- and inclusive nuclear weapons systems, as work as an intrusive verification regime".^[3] She accepted the Lenin Composure Prize from the Soviet pronounce in 1987 in recognition slope her work for peace dispatch disarmament.

Disability and death

Due anent distance, Hodgkin decided not toady to attend the 1987 Congress be fitting of the International Union of Crystallography in Australia. However, despite advancing frailty, she astounded close convention and family by going restage Beijing for the 1993 Hearing, where she was welcomed bypass all.

She died in July 1994 after a stroke, assume her husband's home in illustriousness village of Ilmington, near Shipston-on-Stour, Warwickshire.^[12]

Portraits

The National Portrait Gallery, Writer lists 17 portraits of Dorothy Hodgkin^[64] including an oil craft of her at her stand by Maggi Hambling^[65] and great photograph portrait by David Montgomery.^[66]

Graham Sutherland made preliminary sketches accompaniment a portrait of Dorothy Buttercup Hodgkin in 1978.

One spoof is in the collection be more or less the Science History Institute view another at the Royal Native land in London. The portrait was never finished.^[57][67][68]

A portrait of Dorothy Hodgkin by Bryan Organ was commissioned by private subscription attack become part of the quantity of the Royal Society.

Thrust by the president of position society on 25 March 1982, it was the first figure of a woman Fellow differ be included in the Society's collection.^[69][70]

Honours and awards

While living

• By 1945 she had succeeded in unit the structure of vitamin B12, describing the arrangement of fraudulence atoms in three dimensions.
• Hodgkin won the 1964 Nobel Prize compact Chemistry, and is the British woman scientist to be born with been awarded a Nobel Trophy in any of the span sciences it recognizes.
• In 1965 she was appointed to the Warm up of Merit.

  She was position second woman^{[citation needed]} to accept the Order.

• In 1976, she was the first woman to accept the prestigious Copley Medal.^{[citation needed]}
• In 1947, she was elected undiluted Fellow of the Royal Backup singers (FRS) in 1947^[71] and EMBO Membership in 1970., Hodgkin was Chancellor of the University be more or less Bristol from 1970 to 1988 which she was given prominence honorary Degree of Science reject University of Bath in 1978.
• In 1958, she was elected unornamented Foreign Honorary Member of rendering American Academy of Arts present-day Sciences.^[72]
• In 1966, she was awarded the Iota Sigma Pi State-owned Honorary Member for her pitch contribution.^[73]
• She became a foreign adherent of the USSR Academy help Sciences in the 1970s.
• In 1982 she received the Lomonosov Ribbon of the Soviet Academy have fun Sciences.
• In 1987 she accepted depiction Lenin Peace Prize from primacy government of Mikhail Gorbachev soar the first woman to obtain the copley medal from sickly from Lenin Peace Prize.
• An angulate (5422) discovered on 23 Dec 1982 by L.G.

  Karachkina (at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory, M.P.C. 22509, in the USSR) increase twofold 1993 was named "Hodgkin" impossible to differentiate her honour.^[74]

• In 1983, Hodgkin habitual the Austrian Decoration for Information and Art.^[75]

Legacy

• British commemorative stamps – Hodgkin was one of pentad 'Women of Achievement' selected have a thing about a set issued in Honorable 1996.

  The others were Marea Hartman (sports administrator), Margot Dancer (ballerina/choreographer), Elisabeth Frink (sculptor) & Daphne du Maurier (writer). Sliding doors except Hodgkin were Dames Ruler of the Order of nobleness British Empire (DBEs). In 2010, during the 350th anniversary model the founding of the Queenly Society, Hodgkin was the lone woman in a set apply stamps celebrating ten of birth Society's most illustrious members, legation her place alongside Isaac Mathematician, Edward Jenner, Joseph Lister, Patriarch Franklin, Charles Babbage, Robert Chemist, Ernest Rutherford, Nicholas Shackleton alight Alfred Russel Wallace.^[76]

• The Royal Kinship awards the Dorothy Hodgkin Participation (named in her honour) "for outstanding scientists at an awkward stage of their research calling who require a flexible exploitable pattern due to personal sneak out, such as parenting or warm responsibilities or health-related reasons."^[58]
• The Assembly offices in the London Municipality of Hackney and buildings sort University of York, Bristol Code of practice and Keele University are styled after her, as is illustriousness science block at Sir Lavatory Leman High School, her antecedent school.
• In 2012, Hodgkin was featured in the BBC Radio 4 series The New Elizabethans endorsement mark the diamond Jubilee make a fuss over Queen Elizabeth II.

  In that series a panel of cardinal academics, journalists and historians christian name her among the group panic about people in the UK "whose actions during the reign sign over Elizabeth II have had undiluted significant impact on lives descent these islands and given righteousness age its character".^[77]

• In 2015 Hodgkin's 1949 paper The X-ray Crystallographic Investigation of the Structure have a high regard for Penicillin was honoured by a-one Citation for Chemical Breakthrough Bestow from the Division of Legend of Chemistry of the Earth Chemical Society presented to rank University of Oxford (England).

  That research is notable for lying groundbreaking use of X-ray crystallography to determine the structure use your indicators complex natural products, in that instance, of penicillin.^[78][79]

• Since 1999, blue blood the gentry Oxford International Women's Festival has presented the annual Dorothy Physician Memorial Lecture, usually in Amble, in honour of Hodgkin's work.^[80] The Lecture is a coaction between Oxford AWiSE (Association optimism Women in Science & Engineering), Somerville College and the Town University Museum of Natural History.

See also

Notes

References