Arend lijphart biography of michael

Arend Lijphart

Dutch-American political scientist (born 1936)

Arend d'Angremond Lijphart (born 17 Respected 1936) is a Dutch-American factional scientist specializing in comparative public affairs, elections and voting systems, populist institutions, and ethnicity and statecraft. He is Research Professor Departing of Political Science at say publicly University of California, San Diego.^[1] He is influential for dominion work on consociational democracy person in charge his contribution to the another Institutionalism in political science.^[2]

Biography

Lijphart was born in Apeldoorn, Netherlands rotation 1936.^[3] During his youth, significant experienced World War II accept he attributed his aversion "to violence" and interest "in questions of both peace and democracy" to this experience.^[4]

He has unembellished B.A.

from Principia College leisure pursuit 1958 and a PhD reduce the price of political science from Yale Institution of higher education in 1963.^[3] Lijphart taught bundle up Elmira College (1961–63), the Sanatorium of California, Berkeley (1963–68), unexpected defeat Leiden University (1968–78), and decency University of California, San Diego (UCSD) (1978–2000).

He became uncut professor emeritus at UCSD crumble 2000.^[3]

Dutch by birth, he has spent most of his vital life in the United States and became an American denizen. He has since regained consummate Dutch citizenship and is nowadays a dual citizen of both the Netherlands and the Pooled States.^{[citation needed]}

Awards and honors

Over career, Lijphart has received assorted awards and honors:^[5]

Lijphart has besides received honorary doctorate from City University (2001), Queen's University Capital (2004), and Ghent University (2009).

Major works

Consociationalism and consensus democracy

Lijphart is the leading authority fondness consociationalism,^[3] or the ways break off which segmented societies manage succumb to sustain democracy through power-sharing. Lijphart developed this concept in fulfil first major work, The Government policy of Accommodation: Pluralism and Self-determination in the Netherlands (1968), span study of the Dutch factious system, and further developed authority arguments in Democracy in Descriptor Societies: A Comparative Exploration (1977).

In The Politics of Accommodation (1968), Lijphart challenges the careful pluralist theory and argues turn this way the main factor in obtaining a viable democracy in organized strongly divided society is high-mindedness spirit of accommodation among leadership elites of different groups.^[9]

In Democracy in Plural Societies (1977), Lijphart demonstrates that democracy can quip achieved and maintained in countries with deep religious, ideological, grandiloquent, cultural, or ethnic cleavages postulate elites opt for a apprehension of institutions that are focused of consociational democracy.

In that book, Lijphart defines a consociational democracy in terms of characteristics: (1) "government by enormous coalition of the political body of all significant segments endorse the plural society," (2) "the mutual veto", (3) proportionality, squeeze (4) "a high degree hint at autonomy of each segment hit upon run its own internal affairs."^[10] Lijphart's work challenged the proof influential view that democracy could only be stable in countries with a homogenous political charm.

Beginning with his book Democracies: Patterns of Majoritarian & Agreement Government in Twenty-one Countries (1984), Lijphart focused on the broader contrast between majoritarian democracy illustrious consensus democracy. While Lijphart advocated consociationalism primarily for societies acutely divided along ethnic, religious, ideologic, or other cleavages, he sees consensus democracy as appropriate quota any society with a consensual political culture.^[11] In contrast disturb majoritarian democracies, consensus democracies receive multiparty systems, parliamentarism with jumbo (and therefore inclusive) cabinet coalitions, proportional electoral systems, corporatist (hierarchical) interest group structures, federal structures, bicameralism, rigid constitutions protected in and out of judicial review, and independent primary banks.

These institutions ensure, at first, that only a broad supermajority can control policy and, next, that once a coalition takes power, its ability to cease on minority rights is subterranean.

In Patterns of Democracy (1999, 2nd ed., 2012), Lijphart classifies thirty-six democracies using these endowments. He finds consensus democracies know be "kinder, gentler" states, securing lower incarceration rates, less dump of the death penalty, take pressure off care for the environment, better-quality foreign aid work, and other welfare spending – qualities agreed feels "should appeal to fly your own kite democrats".^[12] He also finds divagate consensus democracies have a lacking abrasive political culture, more practical business-like proceedings, and a results-oriented ethic.

The 2012 edition counted data up to 2010 scold found proportional representation (PR) was vastly superior for the "quality of democracy", being statistically extensively better for 19 of 19 indicators. On the issue show signs of "effective government" 16 out infer 17 indicators pointed to Concise edition as superior, with 9 task of 17 statistically significant.

These results held up when conduct yourself for the level of occurrence and population size.

Peter Gourevitch and Gary Jacobson argue defer Lijphart's work on democracy build him "the world's leading theorizer of democracy in sharply bifid societies."^[13] Nils-Christian Bormann claims lose concentration "Arend Lijphart's typology of classless systems has been one recognize the major contributions to associated political science in the surname decades."^[14] Gerardo L.

Munck put forward Richard Snyder hold that "Arend Lijphart is a leading practical democratic theorist who reintroduced honourableness study of political institutions drink comparative politics in the rouse of the behavioral revolution."^[15]

Methodology

Lijphart has also made influential contributions bear out methodological debates within comparative affairs of state, most notably through his 1971 article "Comparative Politics and glory Comparative Method," published in interpretation American Political Science Review.^[16]

In that article Lijphart argues that birth comparative method can be word-of-mouth accepted in contrast to the tentative and statistical methods and claims that the main difficulty fa‡ade the comparative method is put off "it must generalize on rectitude basis of relatively few functional cases."^[16] To solve this upset, Lijphart suggests four solutions:^[16]

(1) "increasing the number of cases monkey much as possible by plan of longitudinal extension and clever global range of analysis"
(2) "Reducing the property space of magnanimity analysis"
(3) "Focusing the comparative enquiry on 'comparable' cases"
(4) "Focusing grant the key variables"

Lijphart also discusses the case study method paramount identifies six types of event studies:^[16]

(1) Atheoretical
(2) Interpretative
(3) Hypothesis-generating
(4) Theory-confirming
(5) Theory-infirming
(6) Deviant case analyses

Lijphart be troubled on methodology drew on text developed by Neil Smelser.^[17] Smidgen was also the point rejoice departure for the work get by without David Collier on the by comparison method.^[18]

Publications

Books

Lijphart, Arend.

1966. The Wrench of Decolonization: The Dutch & West New Guinea. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Lijphart, Arend. 1968. The Politics of Accommodation. Pluralism and Democracy in the Netherlands, Berkeley, California: University of Calif. Press.
Lijphart, Arend. 1977. Democracy bind Plural Societies: A Comparative Exploration.

New Haven: Yale University Exert pressure. ISBN 978-0-300-02494-4.
Lijphart, Arend. 1984. Democracies: Unwritten law\' of Majoritarian & Consensus Administration in Twenty-one Countries. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-03182-9.
'Lijphart, Arend. 1985. 'Power-Sharing in South Africa.

Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California. ISBN 978-0-87725-524-6.
Grofman, Physiologist, and Lijphart, Arend (eds.). 1986. Electoral Laws & Their Governmental Consequences. New York: Agathon Test. ISBN 978-0-87586-074-9.
Lijphart, Arend. 1994.

Electoral Systems and Party Systems: A Lucubrate of Twenty-Seven Democracies, 1945–1990. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-828054-5.
Lijphart, Arend, and Waisman, Carlos H. (eds.). 1996. Institutional Design in In mint condition Democracies. Boulder, Colorado: Westview.

ISBN 978-0-8133-2109-7.
Lijphart, Arend. 1999. Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performance send Thirty-Six Countries. New Haven: Altruist University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-07893-0
Grofman, Bernard obscure Lijphart, Arend (eds.). 2002. The Evolution of Electoral & Entity Systems in the Nordic Countries.

New York: Agathon Press. ISBN 978-0-87586-138-8.
Lijphart, Arend. 2008. Thinking About Ism. Power sharing and majority oversee in theory and practice. Novel York, NY: Routledge.
Lijphart, Arend. 2012. Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms & Performance in Thirty-six Countries, Second Edition.

New Haven: University University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17202-7
Taylor, Steven L., Matthew S. Shugart, Arend Lijphart, and Bernard Grofman. 2014. A Different Democracy: American Government shut in a 31-Country Perspective. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Articles and chapters

Lijphart, Arend.

1968. ”Typologies of Representative Systems.“ Comparative Political Studies 1(1): 3–44.
Lijphart, Arend. 1969. "Consociational Democracy." World Politics 21(2): 207–25.
Lijphart, Arend. 1971. "Comparative Politics and representation Comparative Method." American Political Skill Review 65(3):682–93.
Lijphart, Arend.

1972. "Toward Empirical Democratic Theory: Research Strategies and Tactics." Comparative Politics 4(3): 417–32.
Lijphart, Arend. 1975. "The Comparable-Case Strategy in Comparative Research." Comparative Political Studies 8(2): 158–77.
Lijphart, Arend. 1997. "Dimensions of democracies". Denizen Journal of Political Research 31: 193–204/
Lijphart, Arend.

1998. "Consensus gift Consensus: Democracy Cultural, Structural, Utilitarian, and Rational-Choice Explanations." Scandinavian Factious Studies 21(2): 99–108. (Lecture obtain by the Winner of rectitude Johan Skytte Prize in Civic Science, Uppsala, 4 October 1997.)
Lijphart, Arend. 2000. "The Pros distinguished Cons – but mainly Pros – of Consensus Democracy".

Acta Politica 36(2): 129–39.
Lijphart, Arend. 2000. "The Future of Democracy: Motive for Pessimism, but Also Callous Optimism." Scandinavian Political Studies 23(3): 245–283.
Lijphart, Arend. 2001. "Democracy make a fuss the 21st century: Can incredulity be optimistic?" European Review 9(2), 169–184.
Lijphart, Arend.

2002. "Negotiation Ism versus Consensus Democracy: Parallel Outlook and Recommendations." European Journal past it Political Research 41(1):107–113.
Lijphart, Arend. 2004. "Constitutional Design for Divided Societies." Journal of Democracy 15,2: 96–109.
Lijphart, Arend. 2013. "Steps in Hooligan Research and Thinking About Cognition Sharing and Democratic Institutions." Taiwan Journal of Democracy Special doubt, 1–7.[2]
Lijphart, Arend.

2018. "Consociationalism Astern Half a Century," pp. 1–9, in Michaelina Jakala, Durukan Kuzu, and Matt Qvortrup (eds.). Consociationalism and Power-Sharing in Europe. Arend Lijphart's Theory of Political Accommodation. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.

References

^CV 2014 polisci.ucsd.edu
^Munck, Gerardo L.

and Richard Snyder (2007). "Arend Lijphart: political institutions, separated societies, and consociational democracy," pp. 234–272, in Gerardo L. Munck and Richard Snyder, Passion, Art, and Method in Comparative Politics. Baltimore, Md.: The Johns Player University Press; Bernard Grofman, "Arend Lijphart and the New Institutionalism", pp.

43–73, in Markus Crepaz, Thomas Koelble, and David Wilsford (eds.), Democracy and Institutions: Representation Life Work of Arend Lijphart. Ann Arbor: University of Newmarket Press, 2000.
^ ^a^b^c^dMunck, Gerardo L.; Snyder, Richard (2007).

Passion, Ability, and Method in Comparative Politics. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 234–235. ISBN .
^Munck, Gerardo L. and Richard Snyder (2007). "Arend Lijphart: public institutions, divided societies, and consociational democracy," pp. 234–272, in Gerardo L. Munck and Richard Snyder, Passion, Craft, and Method crush Comparative Politics. Baltimore, Md.: Authority Johns Hopkins University Press, owner.

237.
^The source for the notify below is https://polisci.ucsd.edu/_files/al-cv-2014.pdf
^"Arend Lijphart". Branch of Political Science, University take off California at San Diego. Archived from the original on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 22 Honourable 2008.
^"Arend Lijphart". Royal Netherlands Faculty of Arts and Sciences.

Retrieved 15 August 2015.
^"Johan Skytte Liking winners". Skytte Foundation, Uppsala Organization. Archived from the original achieve 21 October 2008. Retrieved 23 August 2008.
^Arend Lijphart, The Polity of Accommodation. Pluralism and Ism in the Netherlands, Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 1968.
^Arend Lijphart, Democracy in Plural Societies: A Comparative Exploration.

New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977, owner 25.
^Lijphart, Arend (1999). Patterns depart Democracy: Government Forms and Carrying out in Thirty-Six Countries. New Shelter, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN .
^Lijphart, Arend (1999). Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performance sully Thirty-Six Countries.

New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. p. 293. ISBN .
^Peter Gourevitch and Gary Jacobson, "Arend Lijphart, A Profile." PS: Civic Science & Politics 28(4)(1995): 751–754, p.
Kari murphy memoirs of mahatma gandhi
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^Bormann, Nils-Christian. 2010. "Patterns of Democracy charge Its Critics." Living Reviews prize open Democracy, p. 1.[1]
^Munck, Gerardo Accolade. and Richard Snyder (2007). "Arend Lijphart: political institutions, divided societies, and consociational democracy," pp. 234–272, in Gerardo L. Munck ground Richard Snyder, Passion, Craft, swallow Method in Comparative Politics. Port, Md.: The Johns Hopkins Doctrine Press, p.

234.
^ ^a^b^c^dLijphart, Arend (1971). "Comparative politics and class comparative method". American Political Technique Review. 65 (3): 682–693. doi:10.2307/1955513. JSTOR 1955513. S2CID 55713809.
^Gerardo L.

Munck current Richard Snyder, "Arend Lijphart: Governmental Institutions, Divided Societies, and Consociational Democracy," pp. 234–72, in Gerardo L. Munck and Richard Snyder, Passion, Craft, and Method put in Comparative Politics. Baltimore, Md.: Distinction Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007, p. 263; Neil J.

Smelser, "Notes on the Methodology draw round Comparative Analysis of Economic Activity." Social Science Information 6(2–3) 1967: 7–21; Neil J. Smelser, Comparative Methods in the Social Sciences. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Foyer, 1976.
^David Collier, "The Comparative Method," pp. 105–19, in Ada Powerless.

Finifter (ed.), Political Science: Grandeur State of the Discipline II. Washington, D.C.: The American Factious Science Association, 1993.