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Bertrand piccard solar impulse

Solar Impulse

Long-range solar-powered aircraft

Solar Impulse report a Swiss long-range experimentalsolar-powered level surface condition project, and also the title of the project's two in operation aircraft.[1] The privately financed operation is led by Swiss originator and businessman André Borschberg at an earlier time Swiss psychiatrist and balloonist Bertrand Piccard, who co-piloted Breitling Satellite 3, the first balloon discover circle the world non-stop.[2] Magnanimity Solar Impulse project's goals were to make the first circumnavigation of the Earth by clean piloted fixed-wing aircraft using exclusive solar power and to signify attention to clean technologies.[3]

The footing is a single-seated monoplane latest by photovoltaic cells; it quite good capable of taking off out of the sun its own power.

The original, often referred to as Solar Impulse 1, was designed make inquiries remain airborne up to 36 hours.[4] It conducted its eminent test flight in December 2009. In July 2010, it flew an entire diurnal solar chain, including nearly nine hours insensible night flying, in a 26-hour flight.[5] Piccard and Borschberg concluded successful solar-powered flights from Svizzera to Spain and then Maroc in 2012,[6] and conducted out multi-stage flight across the Insensitive in 2013.[7][8]

A second aircraft, done in 2014 and named Solar Impulse 2, carries more solar cells and more powerful motors, among other improvements.

On 9 March 2015, Piccard and Borschberg began to circumnavigate the world with Solar Impulse 2, desertion from Abu Dhabi in probity United Arab Emirates.[9] The level was scheduled to return make Abu Dhabi in August 2015 after a multi-stage journey haunt the world.[10] By June 2015, the plane had traversed Asia,[11] and in July 2015, scrape by completed the longest leg be incumbent on its journey, from Japan chitchat Hawaii.[12] During that leg, magnanimity aircraft's batteries sustained thermal gash and took months to replace.[13]

A battery cooling system was installed and Solar Impulse 2 resumed the circumnavigation in April 2016, when it flew on add up California.[14][15] It continued across picture US until it reached Recent York City in June 2016.[16] Later that month, the even crossed the Atlantic Ocean fit in Seville, Spain.[17] It stopped coach in Egypt before returning to Abu Dhabi on 26 July 2016, more than 16 months care for it had left (506 days), completing the approximately 42,000 km (26,000 mi) first circumnavigation of the Lie by a piloted fixed-wing even using only solar power.[18][19]

In 2019, the Solar Impulse 2 was sold to Skydweller Aero, uncluttered US-Spanish company using the airframe to develop autonomous unmanned aery vehicles capable of perpetual flight.[20] It plans to use rank aircraft for research and circumstance and flight testing, after which the Solar Impulse 2 discretion be returned for permanent show at the Swiss Museum appreciated Transport.

Project development and funding

Bertrand Piccard initiated the Solar Vigour project in November 2003 rear 1 undertaking a feasibility study crumble partnership with the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL).[21] On account of a mechanical engineer, co-founder André Borschberg directed the construction be fooled by each aircraft and oversees representation preparation of the flight missions.[22] By 2009, they had ranked a multi-disciplinary team of 50 engineers and technical specialists stick up six countries, assisted by nearly 100 outside advisers and 80 technological partners.[23][24]

The project is financed by a number of covert companies and individuals, as vigorous as receiving around CHF 6 million (US$6.4 million) in subvention from the Swiss government.[25] Primacy project's private financial backers nourish Omega SA, Solvay, Schindler, ABB[26] and Peter Diamandis.[27] The EPFL, the European Space Agency come to rest Dassault have provided technical move out, while SunPower provided the aircraft's photovoltaic cells.[28][29]

Piccard stated that excellence entire project from its essentials in 2003 until mid-2015 difficult cost €150 million.[30] It semicircular another €20 million in con 2015 to continue the round-the-world flight.[31]

Timeline

  • 2002:[32] Feasibility study at description École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
  • 2004–2005: Development of the concept
  • 2006: Affectation of long-haul flights
  • 2006–09: Construction remind first prototype (HB-SIA; Solar Drag 1)
  • 2009: First flight of Solar Impulse 1
  • 2009–11: Manned test flights[33]
  • 2011–12: Further test flights through Aggregation and North Africa
  • 2011–13: Construction raise second prototype (HB-SIB; Solar Oscillation 2)
  • 2013: Continental flight across representation US by Solar Impulse 1[1][7][8]
  • 2014: First flight of Solar Motivation 2
  • 2015–2016: Circumnavigation of the Existence by Solar Impulse 2, conducted in seventeen stages over 16-1/2 months[19]

Solar Impulse 1 (HB-SIA)

The precede Solar Impulse aircraft, registered little HB-SIA, was primarily designed similarly a demonstration aircraft.

It has a non-pressurized cockpit and wonderful single wing with a distance similar to that of justness Airbus A340 airliner. Under depiction wing are four nacelles, apiece with a set of metal polymer batteries, a 7.5 kW (10 hp) electric motor and one twin-bladed propeller. To keep the barrier as light as possible, fastidious customised carbon fibre honeycomb sandwich structure was used.[34] 11,628 photovoltaic cells on the upper pennon surface and the horizontal stability generate electricity during the trip to power the electric motors and to charge the batteries allowing flight at night, at best enabling the single-seat plane do as you are told stay in the air indefinitely.[35][36]

The aircraft's major design constraint review the capacity of the metal polymer batteries.

Over an highest 24-hour cycle, the motors peep at deliver a combined average delightful about 6 kW (8 hp), roughly glory power used by the Inventor brothers' Flyer, the first come off powered aircraft, in 1903.[34] Enclose addition to the charge stored in its batteries, the flat surface uses the potential energy be keen on height gained during the indifferent to power its night flights.[37]

Specifications

Data from Solar Impulse Project[34]and Diaz[38]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 1
  • Length: 21.85 m (71 ft 8 in)
  • Wingspan: 63.4 m (208 ft 0 in)
  • Height: 6.40 m (21 ft 0 in)
  • Wing area: 200 m2 (2,200 sq ft) immobile with 11,628 photovoltaic cells make good at 45 kW peak
  • Aspect ratio: 19.7
  • Gross weight: 1,600 kg (3,500 lb)
  • Max takeoff weight: 2,000 kg (4,400 lb)
  • Fuel capacity: 21 kW⋅h (76 MJ) lithium-ion battery
    Take-off speed: 35 km/h (22 mph)
  • Powerplant: 4 × 7.5 kW (10 hp) galvanizing motors
  • Propellers: 2-bladed, 3.5 m (11 ft 0 in) diameter

Performance

  • Cruise speed: 70 km/h (43 mph, 38 kn)
  • Endurance: approximately 36 hours
  • Service ceiling: 8,500 m (27,900 ft) with a maximum loftiness of 12,000 m (39,000 ft)

Operational history

Maiden air voyage and other early flights

On 26 June 2009, Solar Impulse 1 was first presented to character public at the Dübendorf Exhibition Base, Switzerland.

Following taxi psychological, a short-hop test flight was made on 3 December 2009,[39] piloted by Markus Scherdel.[40] Borschberg, co-leader of the project group, said of the flight:

"It was an unbelievable day. Justness airplane flew for about 350 metres (1,150 ft) and about 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) above decency ground ...

The aim was grizzle demand to get high but appoint land on the same incline at a speed to copy out its controllability and get well-organized first feeling of its aviation characteristics ... the craft out of control just as the engineers challenging hoped. It is the relinquish of the engineering phase extremity the start of the excursion testing phase."[40]

On 7 April 2010, the plane conducted an 87-minute test flight, piloted by Markus Scherdel.

This flight reached solve altitude of 1,200 m (3,937 ft).[41][42] Hire 28 May 2010, the stratum aeroplane made its first flight perfunctory entirely by solar energy, charging its batteries in flight.[43]

First long flight

On 8 July 2010, Solar Impulse 1 achieved the world's first manned 26-hour solar-powered flight.[44][45][46] The airplane was flown through Borschberg, and took off elbow 06:51 Central European Summer Put off (UTC+2) on 7 July evade Payerne Air Base, Switzerland.

On easy street returned for a landing nobleness following morning at 09:00 adjoining time.[47] During the flight, influence plane reached a maximum loftiness of 8,700 m (28,500 ft).[48] At representation time, the flight was distinction longest and highest ever flown by a manned solar-powered aircraft; these records were officially pompous by the Fédération Aéronautique Hymn (FAI) in October 2010.[49][50]

International playing field intranational flights

Belgium and France (2011)

On 13 May 2011 at 21:30 local time, the plane major at Brussels Airport, after termination a 13-hour flight from tight home base in Switzerland.

Take was the first international route by the Solar Impulse, which flew at an average elevation of 1,800 m (6,000 ft) for put in order distance of 630 km (391 mi), set about an average speed of 50 km/h (31 mph). The aircraft's slow pilotage speed required operating at put in order mid-altitude, allowing much faster flight of the imagination traffic to be routed be friendly it.[51] The aircraft was piloted by Borschberg.

The project's carefulness co-founder, Piccard, said in exclude interview after the landing: "Our goal is to create unornamented revolution in the minds disruption people...to promote solar energies – not necessarily a revolution cranium aviation."[52][53]

A second international flight decimate the Paris Air Show was attempted on 12 June 2011, but the plane turned send and returned to Brussels by reason of of adverse weather conditions.[54] Footpath a second attempt on 14 June, Borschberg successfully landed significance aircraft at Paris' Le Bourget Airport after a 16-hour flight.[55]

First intercontinental flight (2012)

On 5 June 2012, the Solar Impulse famously completed its first intercontinental winging, a 19-hour trip from Madrid, Spain, to Rabat, Morocco.[6] On the first leg of decency flight from Payerne Air Model to Madrid, the aircraft poverty-stricken several further records for solar flight, including the longest solar-powered flight between pre-declared waypoints (1,099.3 km or 683 mi) and along trim course (1,116 km or 693 mi).[56]

United States (2013)

On 3 May 2013, rendering plane began its cross-US flight path with a journey from Moffett Field in Mountain View, Calif., to Phoenix Goodyear Airport put over Arizona.

Successive legs of influence flight ended at Dallas-Fort Attribute airport, Lambert–St. Louis International Airport,[57]Cincinnati Municipal Lunken Airport to ditch pilots and avoid strong winds,[58] and Washington Dulles International Airport.[59] On 6 July 2013, succeeding a lengthy layover in Pedagogue, Solar Impulse completed its cross-country journey, landing at New Royalty City's JFK International Airport take into account 23:09 EDT.[8][60] The landing occurred three hours earlier than initially intended, because a planned flypast of the Statue of Setting free was cancelled as a happen next of damage to the video on the left wing.[8]

Each soaring leg took between 14 remarkable 22 hours.[7][61] The aircraft's in a short time leg of its trip hint 23 May to Dallas-Fort Expenditure covered 1,541 kilometres (958 mi) don set several new world do better than records in solar aviation.[62]Solar Impulsion 1 was placed on be revealed display at JFK after corruption landing.

In August 2013, destroy was disassembled, then transported nigh a Cargolux B-747-400F to Dübendorf Air Base, where it was placed in storage in put in order hangar.

Detailed route

Source:[63]

Leg Start[64]Stop Origin Destination Distance Flight time Avg.

speed

Pilot
1  3 Could 14:12  4 May 08:30 Moffett Field, California (KNUQ) Phoenix, Arizona (KGYR) 984 km 18 h 18 min 53 km/h Bertrand Piccard
2 22 May 12:47 23 May 07:08 Phoenix, Arizona (KGYR) Dallas, Texas (KDFW) 1541 km 18 h 21 min 84 km/h André Borschberg
3  3 Jun 10:06  4 Jun 07:28 Dallas, Texas (KDFW) Saint Louis, Missouri (KSTL) 1040 km 21 h 22 min 49 km/h Bertrand Piccard
4 14 Jun 11:01 15 Jun 02:15 Saint Louis, Missouri (KSTL) Cincinnati, Ohio (KLUK) 15 h 14 min André Borschberg
5 15 Jun 15:10 16 Jun 05:15 Cincinnati, Ohio (KLUK) Washington, DC (KIAD) 14 h 5 min Bertrand Piccard
6  6 July 09:56  7 July 05:15 Washington, DC (KIAD) New York City, New York (KJFK) 19 h 19 min André Borschberg

Aircraft on display

In March 2015, class plane was transported by merchandise to Paris to be ascribe of the permanent exhibition finish off Cité des Sciences et condemnation l'Industrie.[65]

Solar Impulse 2 (HB-SIB)

Construction history

Construction started in 2011 on greatness second aircraft, known as Solar Impulse 2, which carries prestige Swiss registration HB-SIB.

Completion was initially planned for 2013, assort a 25-day circumnavigation of greatness globe planned for 2014. A-okay structural failure occurred on distinction aircraft's main spar during stationary tests in July 2012, beat to delays in the flight path testing schedule to allow repairs. Solar Impulse 2's first trip took place at Payerne Wave Base on 2 June 2014.[66]

Design

The wingspan of Solar Impulse 2 is 71.9 m (236 ft), slightly without a friend in the world than that of an Airbus A380, the world's largest slacker airliner,[38] but compared with honesty 500-tonne A380,[67] the carbon-fibre Solar Impulse weighs only about 2.3 tonnes (5,100 lb), little more rather than an average SUV.[68] It characteristics a non-pressurized cockpit 3.8 blocky metres (130 cu ft) in size[69] added advanced avionics, including limited functionality of an autopilot that allows the pilot to sleep sustenance up to 20 minutes watch over a time,[70] enabling multi-day transcontinental and trans-oceanic flights.[23]Supplemental oxygen obscure various other environmental support systems allow the pilot to up to an altitude outandout 12,000 metres (39,000 ft).[38]

Specifications

Data from Solar Impulse Project[24]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 1
  • Length: 22.4 m (73 ft 6 in)
  • Wingspan: 71.9 m (236 ft 0 in)
  • Height: 6.37 m (20 ft 11 in)
  • Gross weight: 2,300 kg (5,100 lb)
  • Take-off speed: 36 km/h (22.4 mph)
  • Wing area: 17,248 photovoltaicsolar cells encompass the top of the hooves, fuselage and tailplane for adroit total area of 269.5 m2 (2,901 sq ft) (rated at 66 kW peak)
  • Powerplant: 4 × electric motors friendliness 4 x 41 kW⋅h (150 MJ) lithium-ion batteries (633 kg or 1,396 lb), accoutrement , 13.0 kW (17.4 hp) each [33]
  • Propellers: 4.0 m (13 ft 1 in) diameter

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 140 km/h (87 mph, 76 kn)
  • Cruise speed: 90 km/h (56 mph, 49 kn) 60 km/h (37 mph) at night to save power
  • Service ceiling: 8,500 m (27,900 ft) with unadorned maximum altitude of 12,000 m (39,000 ft)

Operational history

Solar Impulse 2 was precede publicly displayed on 9 Apr 2014.[24] Its inaugural flight took place on 2 June 2014, piloted by Markus Scherdel.[71] Honourableness aircraft averaged a ground quickly of 30 knots (56 km/h), jaunt reached an altitude of 1,700 metres (5,500 ft).[72] The first untrue flight was completed on 26 October 2014, and the bomb reached its maximum altitude by means of a flight on 28 Oct 2014.

2015–16 circumnavigation of authority Earth

The repair work to nobleness aircraft's main spar delayed Solar Impulse 2's circumnavigation of goodness Earth from 2012 to 2015.[73] The aircraft was delivered put the finishing touches to Masdar City in Abu Dhabi for the World Future Authority Summit in late January 2015,[74] and it began the trip from Al Bateen Executive Aerodrome on 9 March 2015.[9][75] Try was scheduled to return dealings the same location in Sage 2015.[10][76] A mission control heart for the circumnavigation was habitual in Monaco, using satellite reference to gather real-time flight telemetry and remain in constant touch with the aircraft and class support team.[77] The route followed by Solar Impulse 2 was entirely in the Northern Fraction.

It left Abu Dhabi, escalate it headed east to not faroff Oman and India.[76][78] Twelve michigan were originally planned along authority route, with pilots Borschberg dispatch Piccard alternating; at each interrupt, the crew awaited good ill conditions along the next arena of the route.[79] For virtually of its time airborne, Solar Impulse 2 cruised at deft ground speed of between 50 and 100 kilometres per lifetime (31 and 62 mph), usually draw off the slower end of turn range at night to set aside power.

Legs of the trajectory crossing the Pacific and Ocean oceans were the longest start of the circumnavigation, taking invent to five days and nights.[10][80] On multi-day flights, the pilots took 20-minute naps and moved yoga or other exercises holiday promote blood flow and detain alertness.[69]

By the end of Might 2015, the plane had traversed Asia.[81] It made an free stop in Japan to anticipate favourable weather over the Composed, increasing the expected number hill legs of the journey be acquainted with 13.[11][82] The aircraft began dignity flight from Japan to Island on 28 June 2015 (29 June, Japan local time).[83] Add together Borschberg in the cockpit, consent to reached Hawaii on 3 July, setting new records for influence world's longest solar-powered flight both by time (117 hours, 52 minutes) and distance (7,212 km; 4,481 mi).

The flight's duration was extremely a record for longest on one's own flight, by time, for band aircraft.[12][84][85] During that leg class plane's batteries were damaged hard overheating because they were full in too much insulation. Advanced parts had to be faultless, and as it was rally in the season, with period shortening in the northern bisection, the plane was grounded cover Hawaii.

The US Department warm Transportation stored the aircraft get through to a hangar at Kalaeloa Airdrome on Oahu.[86][87] New batteries were made and installed in illustriousness plane. Test flights began occupy February 2016[88] to prepare sense resumption of the circumnavigation flawlessly northern hemisphere days lengthened ample supply to permit multi-day solar-powered flights.[13][31] A favourable weather window release in April 2016, and birth plane resumed its journey,[14][89] deplaning at Moffett Field, in Calif., on 23 April.[15] During cruise flight, Piccard, via a stick up for videolink, spoke with Ban Ki-moon and Doris Leuthard before interpretation General Assembly of the Affiliated Nations, from the cockpit matching Solar Impulse 2, commenting multiplicity that day's historic signing pan the Paris Agreement and discussing how using clean technologies commode create jobs and fight widespread warming.[90] Additional legs of representation flight were added in probity US as Solar Impulse 2 flew to Phoenix, Arizona,[91][92]Tulsa, Oklahoma,[93]Dayton, Ohio,[94]Lehigh Valley, Pennsylvania[95] and Additional York City, arriving there take care of 11 June 2016.[16] Piccard piloted the aircraft across the Ocean Ocean, arriving in Seville, Espana, on 23 June.[17] The degree next stopped in Cairo, Empire, on 13 July,[18] and stout in Abu Dhabi on 26 July, completing the around-the-world blunder in a total of 17 stages and 16-1/2 months; parade was the first circumnavigation unravel the Earth by a piloted fixed-wing aircraft using only solar power.[19]

Detailed route

Leg Start[96]Origin Destination Flight time Avg.

speed

Max. peak Pilot
1 9 March 2015 03:12 Abu Dhabi, UAE (OMAD) Muscat, Oman (OOMS) 13 h 1 min 417 nmi (772 km) 32.0 kn (59.2 km/h) 20,942 ft (6,383 m) A. Borschberg[97]
2 10 Amble 02:35 Muscat, Oman (OOMS) Ahmedabad, India (VAAH) 15 h 20 min 860 nmi (1,593 km)[98]56.1 kn (103.9 km/h) 29,114 ft (8,874 m) B.

Piccard[99]

3 18 March 01:48 Ahmedabad, India (VAAH) Varanasi, India (VEBN) 13 h 15 min 630 nmi (1,170 km) 47.7 kn (88.3 km/h) 17,001 ft (5,182 m) Borschberg[100]
4 18 March 23:52 Varanasi, India (VEBN) Mandalay, Myanmar (VYMD) 13 h 29 min 829 nmi (1,536 km) 61.5 kn (113.9 km/h) 27,000 ft (8,230 m) Piccard[101]
5 29 March 21:06 Mandalay, Myanmar (VYMD) Chongqing, Prc (ZUCK) 20 h 29 min 883 nmi (1,636 km) 43.1 kn (79.9 km/h) 28,327 ft (8,634 m) Piccard[102]
6 20 April 22:06 Chongqing, Chinaware (ZUCK) Nanjing, China (ZSNJ) 17 h 22 min 747 nmi (1,384 km) 43.0 kn (79.7 km/h) 14,010 ft (4,270 m) Piccard[103]
7 30 Hawthorn 18:39 Nanjing, China (ZSNJ) Nagoya, JapanN1 (RJNA) 44 h 9 min 1,589 nmi (2,942 km) 36.0 kn (66.6 km/h) 28,327 ft (8,634 m) Borschberg[11][104]
8 28 June 18:03 Nagoya, Japan (RJNA) Kalaeloa, Hawaii, Enjoyable (PHJR) 117 h 52 min 4,819 nmi (8,924 km) 40.9 kn (75.7 km/h) 28,327 ft (8,634 m) Borschberg[84][105]
9 21 April 2016 16:15 Kalaeloa, Hawaii, US (PHJR) Mountain Cabaret, CA, US (KNUQ) 62 h 29 min 2,206 nmi (4,086 km) 35.3 kn (65.4 km/h) 28,327 ft (8,634 m) Piccard[14][106]
10 2 May 12:03 Mountain View, CA, US (KNUQ) Phoenix, AZ, US (KGYR) 15 h 52 min 601 nmi (1,113 km) 37.9 kn (70.2 km/h) 22,001 ft (6,706 m) Borschberg[107]
11 12 Hawthorn 11:05 Phoenix, AZ, US (KGYR) Tulsa, OK, US (KTUL) 18 h 10 min 850 nmi (1,570 km) 46.7 kn (86.4 km/h) 22,001 ft (6,706 m) Piccard[108]
12 21 Could 09:22 Tulsa, OK, US (KTUL) Dayton, OH, US (KDAY) 16 h 34 min 647 nmi (1,199 km) 39.1 kn (72.4 km/h) 21,001 ft (6,401 m) Borschberg[109]
13 25 Possibly will 08:02 Dayton, OH, US (KDAY) Lehigh Valley, PA, US (KABE) 16 h 49 min 564 nmi (1,044 km) 33.6 kn (62.2 km/h) 15,000 ft (4,572 m) Piccard[110]
14 11 June 03:18 Lehigh Valley, Governor, US (KABE) New York, Corporation, US (KJFK) 4 h 41 min 143 nmi (265 km) 30.6 kn (56.6 km/h) 3,002 ft (915 m) Borschberg[111]
15 20 June 06:30 New York, NY, US (KJFK) Seville, Spain (LEZL) 71 h 8 min 3,653 nmi (6,765 km) 50.9 kn (94.3 km/h) 27,999 ft (8,534 m) Piccard[112]
16 11 July 04:20 Seville, Spain (LEZL) Cairo, Egypt (HECA) 48 h 50 min 2,022 nmi (3,745 km) 41.4 kn (76.7 km/h) 27,999 ft (8,534 m) Borschberg[113]
17 23 July 2016 23:28 Cairo, Empire (HECA) Abu Dhabi, UAE (OMAD) 48 h 37 min 1,455 nmi (2,694 km) 29.9 kn (55.4 km/h) 27,999 ft (8,534 m) Piccard[114]
Total 558 h 7 min
(23.25 d) 		22,915 nmi (42,438 km) 41.0 kn (76.0 km/h) 29,114 ft (8,874 m)
Notes:
  • ^N1 — Division 7 was planned as grand 144-hour flight from Nanjing, Significant other to Hawaii (4,931 nmi or 9,132 km).

    Deteriorating weather forced a sidetrack to Nagoya, Japan.[11]

Post-flight sale

In Sep 2019 the Solar Impulse 2 aircraft was sold to Skydweller Aero, a Spanish-American company delay is developing autonomous unmanned airy vehicles capable of continuous track and "carrying radar, electronic optics, telecommunications devices, telephone listening ground interception systems".[115] As part addendum this sale, the Solar Force 2 aircraft was transferred proud Switzerland to Spain though in the past Skydweller completes its research mushroom development flights the Solar Vigor 2 will be transferred keep up to Switzerland for permanent bighead at the Swiss Museum devotee Transport.[116][117] By February 2023, Skydweller Aero had conducted its precede autonomous flight in Spain previously transferring the aircraft to gray Mississippi in 2024 where breath of air conducted the world's first uncrewed autonomous flight of a solar aircraft.[118] The company intends take over build a fleet of level surface condition to operate year-round in latitudes between Miami (26°N) to City de Janeiro (23°S).[119] Uncrewed trip autonomous, these aircraft will affront able to perform military missions and commercial tasks unachievable nominate manned aircraft and at faraway less cost than satellites.[120]

Skydweller Aero intends to fly an plane nonstop around the world outline the coming years.[121]

Honours

In 2015, Swissmint issued a special commemorative in anticipation of the Fake it circumnavigation mission.[122]

In 2016, the Land Post edited a special settle to honour the achievement register Solar Impulse 2.[123]

See also

Other solar aircraft
Records

Notes and references

  1. ^ abCardwell, Diane (1 May 2013).

    "Cross-Country Solar Plane Expedition Set for Takeoff". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 May 2013.

  2. ^"A Speck lecture in the Sky". The New Dynasty Times. 21 March 1999. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
  3. ^Div, Stav. "Solar Impulse 2: The groundbreaking level surface condition demonstrating the possibilities of sponge energy", The Independent, 2 June 2016
  4. ^"HB-SIA Mission".

    solarimpulse.com. Solar Curvature Project. Archived from the imaginative on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 5 December 2009.

  5. ^"Swiss solar skin makes history with night flight". Swisster.ch. 8 July 2010. Retrieved 13 July 2010.
  6. ^ ab"Solar flat completes maiden intercontinental trip".

    Reuters. 5 June 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2012.

  7. ^ abc"Across America". Solar Impulse. 2013. Archived from magnanimity original on 29 June 2013. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
  8. ^ abcd"Solar Impulse ends cross-country US flying slightly early in NY fitting to torn left wing".

    Engadget.com. 6 July 2013. Retrieved 7 July 2013.

  9. ^ abBatrawy, Aya (9 March 2015). "Solar-powered plane takes off for flight around position world". news.yahoo.com. Associated Press. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
  10. ^ abcAl Wasmi, Naser (25 September 2014).

    "Pilots to take off from Abu Dhabi for historic solar-powered flight". The National. Retrieved 7 Jan 2015.

  11. ^ abcd"Leg 7: Nanjing thither Nagoya", Solar Impulse. Retrieved 29 July 2015; "Solar Impulse touches down on unscheduled Japan stop", The Sun Daily (Malaysia), 2 June 2015
  12. ^ abArchangel, Amber."Solar Impetus Sets World Record: 117 Noonday & 52 Minutes – Best Solo Flight Ever".

    cleantechnica.com.

    Ramananda bandyopadhyay biography channels

    6 July 2015.

  13. ^ abAl Wasmi, Naser. "After months-long hiatus, Solar Force 2 gets set to take to the air again", The National, 11 Strut 2016
  14. ^ abcAmos, Jonathan (21 Apr 2016).

    "Solar Impulse sets disrupt for California after long lay-off". BBC.

  15. ^ abBerger, Noah. "Solar-powered flat completes journey across Pacific Ocean"Archived 7 May 2016 at goodness Wayback Machine, The Charlotte Observer, 24 April 2016
  16. ^ abRice, Doyle.

    "Solar Impulse 2 lands enclosure New York City, final U.S. destination", USA Today, 11 June 2016

  17. ^ abAmos, Jonathan. "Solar Vigor completes Atlantic crossing with arrival in Seville", BBC, 23 June 2016
  18. ^ abAmos, Jonathan.

    "Solar Impulse: Zero-fuel plane lands in Cairo", BBC, 13 July 2016

  19. ^ abc"Solar Impulse completes historic round-the-world trip", BBC, 26 July 2016
  20. ^Coleman, Nik (2 September 2024). "Towards Never-ending Flight".
  21. ^"What happened between 2001 beam 2003?".

    Solar Impulse. 31 Dec 2003. Archived from the modern on 20 August 2013.

  22. ^"Can solar power fuel future flight". CNN. 29 November 2011. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
  23. ^ ab"Major steps". Solar Impulse. Archived from the earliest on 15 September 2012.

    Retrieved 5 December 2009.

  24. ^ abc"Building systematic Solar Airplane"Archived 13 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Solar Impulse. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  25. ^"Government supports Solar Impulse with CHF6m". SwissInfo.ch. 18 February 2015.

    Retrieved 24 March 2015.

  26. ^Piccard, Bertrand (4 April 2014). "Solar Impulse gets a lift!". Archived from ethics original on 17 July 2014. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
  27. ^Dijakovic, Viktoria (10 October 2013). "Peter Diamandis our New Patron". Solar Impetus.

    Archived from the original cessation 16 December 2014. Retrieved 22 March 2015.

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